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EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRIES IN MFCA(Conservation mgt Issues, & National challenges)
DISCUSSION WITH AFRICAN CENTRE FOR MEDIAEXCELLENCY TEAM ON
29th July 2011
BY: Ghad Mugiri
Senior Warden -Environmental Compliance & impact monitoring (Oil exploration)
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Outline
Fact sheet About MFCA and general UWA functions
What is oil? Attributes of oil/gas exploration
General environmental challenges in Uganda Environmental challenges related to oil & gas
Management of oil exploration (principles)
Current impacts Way forward (Discussion/debate)
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Are you aware that ..
Uganda the Pearl of Africa Spectacular snow-capped peaks at equator Tropical rainforests, open savannah
ecosystems supporting a high diversity of
habitats, species and ecological processes. 10 National Parks, 12 Wildlife Reserves, 13
wildlife sanctuaries and 5 Community WildlifeAreas
About 70 percent of all national parks andwildlife reserves lie within the western arm ofthe Great Rift Valley
A number of forest reserves also lie within this
rift
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Uganda A Biodiversity HotSpot Over5 Ecological Zones of
Africa converge on Uganda. Far
much higher compared to otherCountries on the AfricanContinent
Over53% of the MountainGorillas in the world
Over1,000 Bird species
(over10% ofGlobal Diversity)
Of1500 bird species in EastAfrica, 72% are found in Uganda
Host to over7% ofGlobalMammal Species Diversity
Where the world becomes Alive
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The Murchison Falls
Gazetted in 1952, Murchisonon FallsNational Park is the largest national
park in Uganda.
Ccovering an area of 3877 sq. kms
Main representation of the Sudanianregional centre of endemism in East
Africa.
Important Bird Areas - Delta areaRamsar SiteBuligi peninsula andDelta area
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MURCHISON FALLS NP
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The unique Murchison Falls
last viable breedingpopulations of Nile crocodileand Rothschild's giraffe inUgandaThe Murchison Falls are
unquestionably the greatestand most dramatic feature inthe region manifesting theworks of the Great Rift valleyThe breeding areas for the
regionally endemic shoebilland the saddle-bill stork
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Rothschild's giraffe near one of the oil well in Buligi circuit
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Implementation of UWA statutory functions (Departments)
In an attempt to ensure accomplishment of thefunctions;
Law enforcement Resource protection
Community Conservation Park-communityrelations
Tourism Visitor services and guidance
Research & Monitoring resource inventory
Support services
Accounts and administration
Engineering services (Civil & Mechanical)
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Over 70% of oil wells in PAs
Exploration wells
1. Waki B-1 1938
2. Turaco-1 2002
3. Mputa-1 2006
4. Waraga-1 2006
5. Nzizi-1 2006
6. Kingfisher-1 2006
7. Ngassa-1 2008
8. Taitai-1 2008
9. Ngege-1 2008
10. Karuka-1 2008
11. Kigogole-1 2008
12. Kasamene-1 2008
15. Ngiiri-1 2008
16. Jobi-1 2008
17. Rii-1 2008
18. Nsoga-1 2009
19. Awaka-1 2009
20. Iti-1 2009
21. Wahrindi-1 2009
22. Ngara-1 2009
Appraisal wells
23. Turaco-2 2003
24. Turaco-3 2004
25. Mputa-2 2007
26. Mputa-3 2007
27. Mputa-4 2007
28. Nzizi-2 2007
29. Kingfisher-2 2008
30. Kingfisher-3 2008
31. Karuka 2009
32. Mputa -5 2009
33. Kigogole-3 2009
34. Nzizi 3 2010
35. Ngassa-2 2009
36. Mpyo1 2010
35. Mpyo 3 2011
36. Ngagi 2010
37. Warthog 2 2010
38. Jobi East 1 2011
39. Jobi 2 2011
40. Jobi East 5 2011
41. Gunya 2011
42. Ngege D 2011
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National Parks & Wildlife Reserves in the
Oil Exploration areas in Uganda
1 AJAI WILDLI FE RESE RVE
2 MURCHISION FALLS NATIONAL PARK
3 KARUMA WILDLIFE RESERVE
4 BUGUNGU WILDLIFE RESERVE
5 TOORO-SEMLIKI WILDLIFE RESERVE
10
KYAMBURA WILDLIFE RESERVE
6 SEMLIKI NATIONAL PARK
7 RWENZORI NATIONAL PARK
8 KIBAALE FOREST NATIONAL PARK
9 QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK
I I I I
LIST OF GAMEPARKS AND GAME RESERVES
1 AJAI WILDLIFE RESERVE
2 MURCHISION FALLS NATIONAL PARK
3 KARUMA WILDLIFE RESERVE
4 BUGUNGU WILDLIFE RESERVE
5 TOORO-SEMLIKI WILDLIFE
6 SEMLIKI NATIONAL PARK
7 RWENZORI NATIONAL PARK
8 KIBAALE FOREST NATIONAL PARK
9QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK
LIST OF GAMEPARKS AND GAME RESERVES
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Why should UWA be involved
Oil exploration is taking place in wildlifeprotected areas (UWA estate)
Out of 22 PAs oil is believed to occur inabout 11 PAs (table)
Overlap and in sensitive ecosystems Oil exploration and production activities
result into impacts that interfere with wildlife
management Oil exploration and production may interfere
with tourism activities
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Oil exploration sites MFNP
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What is oil?
It is a hydro-carbon/Petroleum - a fossilfuel and non-renewable energy
It is also called crude oil
It is called fossil fuel because it wasformed from the remains of tiny sea plantsand animals that died millions of years ago
It is called a non-renewable energysource - it takes millions of years to form
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Oil expl and wildlife
The petroleum products ( gasoline, fertilizer,insecticide, medicine, Detergents, deodorantsetc,) have helped people all over the world-
Transport, industry, electricityBut there is a trade-off!
Both the petroleum production process
and petroleum products impact onwildlife behaviour, ranging patterns,digestion systems hence affecting other
natural processes
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The Oil / Petroleum Products
Ink Heart valves
Crayons
Parachutes
Enamel
Antiseptics
Purses Deodorant
Panty hose
Oil filters
Pajamas
Cassettes
Fishing rods Electrical tapes
Floor wax
Tires
Hand lotion Toot brushes
Guitar strings
Movie film
Sunglasses
Glue
Artificial limbs Ball point pen
Golf balls
Contact lens
Dice
Trash bags
Shampoo Cameras
Nail polish
Dash boards
DVDs Balloons
Paint brushes
Foot balls
Dyes
Antihistamines
Skis Perfumes
Shoe polish
Insecticides
cold cream
Detergents
Gasoline Kerosene
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Environmental Challenges
Modernization Pressures to use Genetic material Resource Utilization Dumping
Electronic-Waste (E-Waste) Equipment
Climate Change Rainfall and flooding
Drought Lightening???
The health of Water bodies pollution silting
Re-invasion of rivers and lakes by water weeds Population pressure Discoveries (new)
Uranium Oil and Gas
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Environmental challenges Operations being carried out in sensitive ecosystems
Potential/rather perceived disruption of the tourismindustry
Drill waste management and disposalneed for aconsensus for consumer products
Interrupted /inadequate restoration (well re-entering,EWT)
Un-documented baseline for existing natural
resources Poorly developed EIAs, hence poor EMP that is not
practical
Ensuring effective and efficient compliance
monitoring
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Operations in sensitive ecosystems
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All wild animals-potentially dangerous
They are disturbed (noise, heavy humantraffic)
Flight distance is not observed (usually
hippos, elephants and buffalo) Naturally are defensive in approach when
injured or/and their life threatened)
They are protective of the young ones(likelionesses and elephants)
May be a real accidents
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If home range disturbed.
Becoming aggressive leading to harm oreven kill
Change their raging patterns
Change their breeding patterns - smallpopulation that cannot control the habitat.
Therefore leading to habitat transition. Disturbance is a stress agent andtherefore cause diseases to occur
Can cause extinction of species
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Sensitive wildlife ecosystems
Wild animals manage home ranges
Core area (food, mate/breeding grounds,water, concealments.
Dispersal areas
Resting areas
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Wildlife has the right of way
When you meet animals- STOP and allowthem to pass
Noise DO NOT shout and chase awayanimals
Hooting DO NOT hoot (Sound a horn) inthe Park
Avoid over speeding (Max. speed limit is40Km/hour)
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DO NOT..
Fire- changes the habitat compositioncausing non-palatable vegetation to growand this affects animal population.
Burn plastics-chemical agents calledDIOXINS which disrupt the ozone layer
Habituations of wild animals
Litter-Litter is unsightly in the environment Contaminates the environment (Pollution)
Causes disease outbreak if not handledproperly-degradable waste
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Contd
Do NOT drive off the tracks
Mgt limits night travels
Camp at designated campsites Fire arms and ammunitions are prohibited
in the Park
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LJ 26
Land-take & Access Footprint of camp and operations
100mx100m, 500x500m (10-25yrs?)
Vegetation clearance; disturbance & relocationof wildlife; temporary to permanent
Access: roads, barges, airstrips Opens up previously closed areas
Invitation to increasing traffic
Lack of effective culverting around drill sites
Need for restoration post-operations
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Buseruka hydro-power dam under construction-KWR
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LJ 28
Impacts on communities
Population influx: fishing villages grown, workwith seismic, construction and security firms
Land rights & compensation
Increasing population requires increasingresources - firewood, water supplies, hunting
Product transportation:
tanker fire incident - Sat 12th Jan, dozens dead(stolen fuel, police chase)
Pipeline: wealth passing by
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LJ 29
Noise & light issues
Drilling and production are 24hr operations
Associated community & wildlifedisturbance
Camp lights - terrestrial & marine species Roar from flaring
Compressed air gun detonation (seismic
survey) & acoustic resonation throughwater Its unclear how species are impacted and will
react to noise/vibration impacts
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LJ 30
Liquid discharges Mud components and chemicals added to water to aid
drilling As drilled hole gets deeper, more mud required
Formation water during drilling
Produced water from oil reservoir
Includes hydrocarbons, highly saline, heavy metal components, Volume can increases to 90% water-cut
Disposal to surface water, evaporation or soak-aways, or
Potential to re-inject into the reservoir to maintainpressure.zero discharge
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LJ 31
Solid wastes Drill bit penetration generates cuttings or rock brought up
through wellbore Sludge residue following waste water evaporation
Oil from testing not flared e.g. Waraga
Camp wastes
Disposal to . where? Avoid general dumping
Special wastes to incinerator at Nakasongola
Questions over capability & capacity to take types and volumes of wastes
anticipated
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LJ 32
Impacts from oil spills Additionalpressure on already pressured sensitive
environments Low energy lake environment
Seasonality important: Breeding, migration, germination
Heavy oil: organisms killed through smothering wetlands/marsh/mangrove decimation, sediments
Toxicity through ingestion by wildlife Implications for bioaccumulation through food chain
Contamination of fish & shellfish Concern regarding tainting of flesh, carcinogenic compounds Reality vs perception
Potential community food & export implications
S i i
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Seismic surveysPotential impacts Strategies
Vegetation clearing for camp Mandatory EIA and stringent
included in EIA
Foot print compliance monitoring with EIAprovisions
Habitat disturbance and home range Restoration clause by the company
Routine PA regulations apply including
speed limits
Ineffective restoration Sometimes tourist circuit closed
Population influx (casuals)
Usually covers wide area although fora short period
Ecologically friendly dynamite in shothole
Camp solid waste Waste management plan compulsoryand site specific
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Some of the impacts Impact on vegetation- clearing the vegetation at drill sites and camp
sites, result in loss of habitat for wildlife, loss of important plantspecies, expose soil resulting into soil erosion- minimise vegetation clearance as much as possible- restrict the devt in the agreed area- regenerate the site after activity
Impact on air quality- due to vehicles, dust, and other emissions
- sprinkle water during dry season- observe speed limit- ensure good maintenance of the vehicles
Solid and liquid wastedue to camp establishment- if not wellhandled, have a potential to pollute ground water
plastics garbage sewage toxic materials (used oil, fuel leakages, oil filters, containers) washing bays fuel spill
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Impacts
Solid waste- mitigation- litter in approved places- ferry the plastics and other non-biodegradablewaste out of the park
Human waste during the survey- this pollutes the habitatfor wildlife and may result in diseases- use mobile toilets
Disturbance and scare of animals due to presence ofpeople in the park- this may change their behavior and
disrupt their feeding and breeding habits and interferewith migratory routes.- keep a distance from wild animals- dont feed the wild animals
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Managementchallenges
specific to MFCA
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Direct effects of Illegal activities
Poaching- affects populations of wildlifeleading to extinctions
Cutting of trees and illegal collection offirewood, charcoal burning, pit sawing allcause changes in the habitat.
Influx of people into the Park.
Illegal entry into the Park is an offence andoffenders are liable to prosecution
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Major spots for illegal activities
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Illegal activities Contd
Night movements should be avoided - wildanimals are more active at night
Collection, possession transportation of
wildlife & wildlife products (plants, animals,trophies) is an offense
Aliens-some have poisonous chemicals whileothers suppress plant growth
Domestic animals share common diseasewith animals (anthrax, store diseasesreservoirs)
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Elephant poaching for ivory
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Good practices
Reporting and communication
Clean-ups an decommissioning
Comply with the approved EIA conditions Prompt response to oil spills
Transparency-self reporting
Observance of international standards
Challenges in managing
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Challenges in managing
Drill equipment at Ngaraa-
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Seismic surveys laying of Geo-phones along cut lines
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Opening up virgin areas
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Co- existence of tourism and
oil activities
Tourism is the main source of income forwildlife management
Anything that interferes with tourism therefore
interferes with wildlife management Tourist arrivals in the parks has been
increasing steadily
Tourists are interested in pristine nature ofthe Pas
How will UWA ensure that these activities aredone with minimal impacts to tourism?
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Tourists scramble to view a lion
Dead frogs, snake etc in waste pit at
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g , pNgassa 1mud pit
I t f ith l i
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Interference with large carnivores
S i l f ildlif id t ti iti
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Survival of wildlife amidst activities
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Advanced poaching skills
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A typical drilling site (above)
and mud pit (right)
Un restored well site with porous Watering grass at a restored
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fence at Karuka (Bugungu WR)
Site just restored atJobi 1 in MFNP
site
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Capacity building for UWA
staff
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Inadequate restoration of sites at Mputa (KWR) & Jobi (MFNP)
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Limited financial resources
Legal perspective-MFNP has a RAMSARsite (International reputation forconventions/treaties)
Monitor compliance- Increased field visits
- Increased demand for more staff
Develop alternative infrastructure New trails
New accommodation facilities
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Oil vehicles cue for the ferry
A it
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Angara site
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Attitude
High expectations from local people andpoliticians
Negative attitude of local people towards
PAs prefer oil than protected areas
Negative reporting from the press (haveno correct information)
Press releases and incorrect information
Reactive responses for routine PA mgtissues-elephant crop raiding
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Improved green burner
still with incompletecombustion
Oil spills even after improved burner in Mputa 5
S i i
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Security issues
Wild fire outbreaks-potential hazard@ well-head (pressure/blowouts)
Spills that are considered minor
The military presence to providesecurity for oil installations
Areas prone to terrorism attacks
Communities still regard the park astheir source of food
Disguised terrorists seeking for jobs
Ongoing programs activities
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Ongoing programs activities
Daily compliance monitoring at active drill sites- Ranger
deployment with check list Managing sub-contractorsinduction trainings bi-weekly)
Ecological monitoring at four (4) selected sites (Jobi E1,J2, JE5 and JE4)
Training of oil emergency spill response teams and otherregular refresher on-job training
Study commissioned by UWA to study impacts of oilexploration on tourism
Draft guidelines (awaiting BOT)
Perceived problem elephants (four herds collared tomonitor home range) and lions
GMP review kick-started for MFNP and KWR
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UWA staff rescue a giraffe from a snare
UWA Vet staff rescue lion from
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UWA Vet staff rescue lion fromsnare
All i l i ti iti
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All inclusive activities
UWA St ff tt ti t t ff fi ll
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UWA Staff attempting to put off fire manuallynear an oil well head
Other administrative challenges
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Other administrative challenges
Reduction of traffic for oil company visa vi
international standards
Transition priorities (e.g Heritage-Tullow-Total)
Confidentiality of business programs
Opened drill pads that are not restored
Sourcing of murram
Manpower issues
Non-compliance to laws
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Non-compliance to laws
Fines, penalties and deterrent punishments
Off-track driving- $ 150 per vehicle
Over speeding U.Shs. 100,000 per vehicle per offence
Accident fees for animal kills - $ 500
Illegal entry into the Park - $ 50
Specimen collection - $ 50per kilogram
Liquid samples - $ 50 per litre
Hooting
Driving after 7.00pm and before 6.00am Introduction of alien species
Likely illegal activities e.g poaching, firewood collection
Finally
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Finally
More time to understand impacts of oil and
gas exploration in sensitive wildlife area. UWA policy is that the two can co-exits
once EIA conditions complied with.
Stakeholders roles consciously androutinely implemented.
Potential for increased revenues from
Tourism and authentic values are still validventures.
As we move into Devpt & production,