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Computer Evolution over the Next Decade: Fact or Fiction?
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 20151
Prof. Frank WangHead of School
School of ComputingUniversity of KentUnited Kingdom
ChairmanUK & Ireland Chapter
IEEE Computer Society
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 20152
Computing Laboratory, Kent
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 20153
An Evolutionary History of Computer Science
1822 Charles Babbage
1937 Iowa State University
1939 Alan Turing
1943 ENIAC
1953 COBOL
1958 Integrated circuit
1964 Mouse/GUI
1971 Floppy disk
1971 Memristor by Leon Chua
1973 Ethernet
1974 IBM PC
1976 Apple
1985 MS Windows
1990 WWW by Tim Berners-Lee
1999 Wi-Fi
2004 Firefox
2008 HP Memristor
2010 iPad
2012 Memristors: Brain-like computer
2014 SpiNNaker (BCS Lovelace Medal)
2025 Future Computers???
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500
350
250
180
130
90
65
45
32
22
Ga
te L
en
gth
[n
m]
Computers evolve fast and the processing power/integration density should
double every two years by Moore's Law. In 2005, Moore said that as
transistors reach the atomic scale we may encounter fundamental barrier we
can't cross.
1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016
Moore’s Law
9nm
13 nm
2019 2022 2025
13
9
Si
Buried
Oxide
Silicon
2x /2 yr
2x /3 yr2x /3 yr ?
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1. Brain-like Computer
2. Green Computing 3. Cloud Computing/Big Data
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 20155
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Memristors In 1971 Prof Chua defined the memristor
conceptually and mathematically.
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th
June 20156
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The Memristor: Missing Circuit Element Found
In May 2008, Dr Stan Williams and his team from HP Labs published a paper in Nature “The Memristor: Missing Circuit Element Found”
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th
June 20157
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What is a Memristor
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th
June 20158
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 20159
Volume 31, Issue 7, 2010
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201510
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+V/2
-V/2
0 V
0 V
0 V 0 V 0 V
0 V
Full
selectionHalf selection
Half selection
Half selection
Half selection
Half selection
Half selection
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
11
Si
Buried Oxide
Silicon
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201512
• A neuron connects 20,000 synapses.
• Four orders of magnitude
• 2-terminal element
• A nanometer Cambridge junction
Brain-like computers
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
13
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
14
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
15
Hodgkin & Huxley described the model in 1952 to explain the mechanisms
underlying the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant
axon. They received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this
work.
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
16
Chua’s memristive HH axon circuit model is made of a capacitor, a resistor,
three batteries and two memristors. The two memristors were approximated
as two time-varying resistors by Hodgkin & Huxley. This approximation had led
to numerous anomalies and paradoxes for 70 years.
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
17
Chua’s Local Activity Domain
Ω, kHz0 2
Vm
-4.57443 mV-5.34305 mV ∆Vm=0.76862 mV
Chua’s Edge of Chaos
-21.9425 mV-22.0079 mV ∆Vm=0.0654 mV
Locally Passive
The parameter space. The two disjoint Chua’s Edge of Chaos domains (in
magenta) are located at the lower and upper tips of the red locally active Islands.
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
18
A transient waveform converges to a spike train with
the initial condition indicated.
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TWEPP 2013 19
SpiNNaker (Spiking Neural Network Architecture)
Steve Furber
The University of [email protected]
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TWEPP 2013 20
SpiNNaker chip
MobileDDRSDRAMinterface
Multi-chip packaging by
UNISEM Europe
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TWEPP 2013 21
48-node PCB
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TWEPP 2013 22
SpiNNaker project
• A million mobile phone processors (ARM) in one computer
• Able to model about 1% of the human brain…
• …or 10 mice!
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TWEPP 2013 23
Communication
– neurons communicate via ‘spike’
– Packet: which neuron fires, and, when it fires
– Timestamp
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Payload (32 bits)
Source (32 bits)
Node (16 bits) Control byte (8 bits)Neuron (11 bits)
Packet
Core (5 bits)
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TWEPP 2013 24
Conclusions
• SpiNNaker has over 1 million cores, 1k simulated neurons per core.
• Capable of simulating very complex networks of 1 billion neurons.
• Interrupt-driven without any operating system running on the cores and central synchronising clock.
• An interrupt arrives (usually in the form of a spike packet); the core wakes up to handle it, possibly emitting more packets of its own as a consequence; and then returns to sleep.
• When a neuron is firing a spike, the time of the spike and the identity of the neuron that emitted the spike need to be conveyed, which is implemented by using packet switched communication and multicast routing.
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
26Saigusa, T., Tero, A., Nakagaki, T. & Kuramoto, Y. Amoebae Anticipate Periodic Events. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 018101 (2008).
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Resistor, R
Ca
pa
cito
r, C
Mem-Inductor, L(q)
Sea water
Thermometer
Vout in analogue
to amoeba’s
speed
Vin in analogue
to temperaturei(t)
Amoeba
Video
camera
27©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Stimuli Vin(t)
Stimulus frequency fsti (Hz)
Resonant frequency fres (Hz)
Response Vout(t)
S1 S2 S3 S4
S1
S2S3 S4
C7C1
C2
C3
C6
t(s)
t(s)
28©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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29©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201531
Pavlov's Dog
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201532
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“Sight” Neuron
“Sound” Neuron
“Salivation” Neuron
“Food”
“Bell”
“Salivation”
+V/2
-V/2
33©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th
June 2015
Hebbian rule
“neurons that fire together, wire together”
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“Sight” Neuron
“Salivation” Neuron
“Food”
“Salivation”
34©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th
June 2015
In Spinnaker …
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“Food”
“Bell”
“Salivation”
“Food” only
(Probing)
“Bell” only
(Probing)Both “Food” & “Bell”
(Learning)
“Bell” only
(Validation)
35©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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(a) A “Full Voltage” causes a delayed switching;
(b) A “Half Voltage” causes no switching;
(c) A long “Half Voltage” still causes an
unwanted switching.
36©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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1. Memristor-based Brain-like
Computer2. Green Computing 3. Cloud Computing/Big Data
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201539
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40
Why Green?
• 40-50% of corporate energy consumption goes to IT • Computing-centre power costs have doubled in five years• Energy costs will exceed hardware costs • Regulations are being introduced in EU & US
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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Sunfire Galaxy-class supercomputer at
Cambridge-Cranfield HPCF listed as the 343rd
in Top500 Super Computers in the world.
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
42
400,000 GBP/yr to cover
water & electricity bills
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+
Disk
--- Frank Wang, et al., “Redundant Array of Hybrid Disks (RAHD)”, IEEE Transactions
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
43
DiskFlash (DiskOnModule, DOM)
Hybrid Disk
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1. Memristor-based Brain-like Computer
2. Green Computing 3. Cloud Computing/Big Data
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201544
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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46Cambridge
Beijing
Internet
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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47Cambridge
Beijing
CloudJet on
EuroAsiaGrid
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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48
Comments from independent reviewers:
• This proposed work has all the potentials of keeping the UK research and development – world class.
• It is certainly first of its kind.
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
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Finalist Award
Finalist Project: Grid-oriented Storage: Parallel Streaming Data Access to
Accelerate Distributed Bioinformatics Data Mining
Finalist team: Frank Z. Wang (Centre for Grid Computing, Cambridge-Cranfield
HPCF),, Sining Wu, Yuhui Deng, Vineet R. Khare & Chenhan Liao (Centre for Grid
Computing, Cambridge-Cranfield HPCF), Amir Nathoo; Rodric Yates; Paul Fairbairn
(IBM Hursley Laboratory), Jon Crowcroft, Jean Bacon, Michael Andrew Parker
(Cambridge University), Zhiwei Xu (Institute of Computer Technology), Yike Guo
(Imperial College)
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015
49
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Grants…
• EC FP7 Grant (300k euros) “Re-discover Basic Circuit Element Table”
• EPSRC/DTI grant (1 million GBP) “Grid-oriented Storage: Next Generation Architecture”
• EPSRC grant (470k GBP) "Accelerating NFS/CIFS over the WAN/Grid“
• EC FP7 Grant (1.01 million euros) “QuickLinux”
• EC FP6 Grant (400k euros) “EuroAsiaGrid”
• ……©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June
2015
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©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 201551
An Evolutionary History of Computer Science1822 Charles Babbage
1937 Iowa State University
1939 Alan Turing
1943 ENIAC
1953 COBOL
1958 Integrated circuit
1964 Mouse/GUI
1971 Floppy disk
1971 Memristor by Leon Chua
1973 Ethernet
1974 IBM PC
1976 Apple
1985 MS Windows
1990 WWW by Tim Berners-Lee
1999 Wi-Fi
2004 Firefox
2008 HP Memristor
2010 iPad
2012 Memristors: Brain-like computer
2014 SpiNNaker (BCS Lovelace Medal)
2025 Future Computers???
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Concepts and technologies developed
within computer science are starting to
have wide-ranging applications outside
the subject (as mathematics in physics).
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Computing towards 2025
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Computing towards 2025
• Service
• Intelligence
• Connectivity
• Mobility
• Interactivity
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Computing towards 2025
• If Moore’s law continues to hold true, computers would be 32 times more powerful than the current models.
• Green computing will prove itself to be the most concerning issue as computing becomes increasingly pervasive.
• Computer science will be at the heart of future revolutions in business, science, and society.
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[1] Frank Wang, et al, CloudJet4BigData: Streamlining Big Data via an accelerated socket interface,
IEEE Big Data, USA, June 2014 (accepted)
[2] Bin Ye and Frank Wang, Mirroring Mobile Phone on the Clouds, IEEE Mobile Services, USA, June
2014 (accepted)
[3] Frank Wang, Sining Wu, Na Helian, Andy Parker, Yike Guo, Yuhui Deng, Vineet Khare, Grid-oriented
Storage: A Single-Image, Cross-Domain, High-Bandwidth Architecture, IEEE Transaction on Computers,
ISSN: 0018-9340, pp.474-487, Vol.56, No.4, 2007
[4] Yuhui Deng and Frank Wang, Opportunities and challenges of storage grid enabled by grid service,
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, Volume 41 Issue 4, July 2007
[5] Green Computing, Wikipedia
[6] Frank Wang, Na Helian, Sining Wu, Yike Guo, Derek Deng, Vineet Khare, C. Liao, M. Rashid and
Andy Parker, A Case for Redundant Arrays of Hybrid Disks (RAHD), IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
ISSN 00189464, Vol.44, No.11, pp.3738-3741, 2008
[7] Chua, Leon, "Memristor - The Missing Circuit Element", IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971
[8] D. Strukov, G. Snider, D. Stewart, S. Williams, "The missing memristor found", Nature, 2008
[9] F.Z. Wang, at al Delayed Switching in Memristors and Memristive Systems, IEEE Electron Device
Letters, Volume 31, Issue 7, 2010
[10] Frank Wang, et al, "Delayed switching applied to memristor neural networks", Journal of Applied
Physics, American Institute of Physics, ISSN: 0021-8979, Volume: 111, Issue: 7, 2012
[11] Frank Zhigang Wang, Leon O. Chua, Xiao Yang, Na Helian, Ronald Tetzlaff, Torsten Schmidt,
Caroline Ling Li, Jose Manuel Garcia Carrasco, Wanlong Chen and Dominique Chu, “Adaptive
Neuromorphic Architecture (ANA)”, Special Issue on Neuromorphic Engineering: from Neural Systems
to Brain-Like Engineered Systems, Neural Networks, Elsevier, published online in March 2013
[12] Frank Wang, “A Triangular Periodic Table of Elementary Circuit Elements”, IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems, V.60, Issue 3, pp.616, 2013
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Disclaimer
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• © University of Kent, All rights reserved. This presentation is delivered in confidence to the targeted audiences only. No parts of this presentation may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder. School of Computing accepts no liability for the content of this presentation or the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided.
©Frank Wang, Cyber Science, London, 8th June 2015