Comox Valley Naturalists Society
Wetland Restoration Project
2004
Written
by
E. Sellentin
Courtenay River Estuary – Few Flowered Shooting Star
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
INTRODUCTION 5
Consequences of Invasive Alien Species(IAS) 5
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN THE COMOX VALLEY 6
Background 6
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 6
Figure 1. Purple Loosestrife 7
Figure 2. Purple Loosestrife in bloom 7
Purple Loosestrife Removal 2004 7
Chart 1. Purple Loosestrife Removal 1999-2004 8
Table 1. 1999-2004 Days Worked Per Area, Purple Loosestrife Removal 8
Chart 2. Days Worked Per Area, Purple Loosestrife Removal 9
Yellow Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus) 9
Figure 3. Yellow Flag Iris 9
Table 2. Landfilled Yellow Flag Iris and Knotweed Species 10
Japanese, Giant Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum, P. sachalinense) 10
Figure 4. Japanese Knotweed in Bloom 10
Figure 5. Japanese Knotweed in the Courtenay River Estuary 11
Himalayan Blackberries (Rubus discolor) 11
Figure 6. Blackberries dominating Twinberry 12
Figure 7. Himalayan Blackberries, Courtenay River Estuary 12
Courtenay Estuary Invasive Species Removal and Native Plantings 13
Figure 8. Courtenay Airpark Naturalization, 2004 13
Grass Species in the Courtenay River Estuary 14
Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) 15
Figure 9. Reed Canary Grass as a Dominant Species 15
SUMMARY OF WORK COMPLETED 17
Chart 3. Days Worked per Job Description, 2003 & 2004 18
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
APPENDIX 1. 21
Location of Purple Loosestrife Removal - 2004 21
Area 1 – Comox Bay Farms (CBF) - Ditch lines and ponds on DU Lands 21
Figure 10, Area 1. Comox Bay Farm Ponds 22
Figure 11, Area 1. Comox Bay Farm to Barry’s Farm 22
Area 2 – Slough through Simpson & Barry Farms to CBF 23
Figure 12, Area 2. Slough through Simpson & Barry Farms 23
Figure 13, Area 2. Slough and Barry’s Farm ditch line 24
Area 3 – Airpark Walkway 25
Figure 14, Area 3. Airpark Walkway 25
Figure 15, Area 3. Airpark Walkway 26
Figure 16, Area 3. Airpark Walkway 26
Figure 17, Area 3. Airpark Walkway 27
Area 4 – Courtenay River from Lewis Park to Airpark Marina 28
Figure 18, Area 4. Courtenay River from Airpark to Millennium Park 28
Figure 19, Area 4. Courtenay River from Standard to Lewis Parks 29
Area 5– Courtenay River north of Lewis Park including Tsolum River and Old Tsolum River
channel and wetlands. 29
Figure 20, Area 5. Old Tsolum River Channel and Courtenay River 30
Figure 21, Area 5. Courtenay River and Old Tsolum River Channel 31
Figure 22, Area 5. Tsolum River showing location of Knotweed species. 31
Area 6 – Estuary on East side of Comox Road and south of Field Sawmill 32
Figure 23, Area 6. Courtenay River Estuary Purple Loosestrife 32
Figure 24, Area 7. Detention Pond at Malahat Drive and Glen Urquhart Creek 33
Figure 25, Area 6. Courtenay River Estuary Yellow Flag Iris & Knotweed Species 34
APPENDIX 2. 35
Location of Himalayan Blackberry Dominance 35
Figure 26, Courtenay River Estuary, Dominance by Himalayan Blackberries 35
Table 3. 2003-04 Blackberry Species Measurements and Removal 35
APPENDIX 3. COURTENAY RIVER ESTUARY PLANT COMMUNITIES 36
Figure 27. Plant Communities from the East 44
Figure 28. Plant Communities from the West 45
APPENDIX 4. NATIVE SPECIES PLANTINGS, 2004 46
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ongoing efforts to remove non-native invasive plants from the Courtenay River, its estuary and
surrounding wetlands was made possible through the financial help and support from the following
organizations:
Comox Valley Naturalists Society
Regional District of Comox Strathcona
International Forest Products - Field Sawmill
Envirochem Services Inc. - Tom Finnbogason
Shell Environmental Fund
City of Courtenay
Ducks Unlimited
Federation of BC Naturalists
Comox Valley Community Foundation
Courtenay Airpark Association
Project Watershed Society for Sensitive Habitat Inventory Mapping
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4>0$M*.-,&*1/*B)($>@-/*@/$This report was written by Ernie Sellentin with
contributions from Heather West on the Grasses
of the Courtenay River Estuary. All photographs
by E. Sellentin. If you would like further
information about the Comox Valley Naturalists
Wetland Restoration Project please contact E.
Sellentin via email at [email protected]
Project Supervisor – Ernie Sellentin
With special thanks to the Crew:
Field Supervisor - Alison Millham
Field hands - Darrin Jensen, Genevieve Sachet and Rae-Ann Bond.
Project overseer - Betty Lunam and volunteers from the Comox Valley Naturalists Society that helped
out on numerous occasions.
Plant Species Identification – Mr. Fred Constable and Manivalde Vaartnou
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Over the past fourteen years the Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) has spearheaded the
removal of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) from the wetlands of the Comox Valley. Purple
loosestrife is an invasive alien species that out competes native species, dries up and changes wetland
ecology. Fieldwork by CVNS members, volunteers and hired employees has lead to the realization that
there are other invasive species and issues threatening the ecology and biodiversity of the local
wetlands.
In 2002 the CVNS moved to a holistic approach of estuary/wetland management that includes removal
of other invasives, planting of native species, and working with the local sawmill to solve bark debris
problems in the Courtenay River estuary. Purple loosestrife numbers have declined from a high of
24,520 in 1999 to 6,628 in 2004. Over the 2002 - 2004 field seasons, 28,100kg of sawmill debris,
11,200kg of yellow flag iris and 2,080kg of Japanese knotweed was removed from the Courtenay River
estuary. The extent of Himalayan blackberry dominance has been mapped at 7150 m2 with 1300m
2
removed in 2003 and 2,942 removed in 2004. Additionally, the eleven plant communities of the
estuary were mapped in 2003 along with identification of over 170 species of vascular plants.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to raise awareness about invasive species in the Comox Valley and
document the wetland and estuary habitat restoration work done since 1999 by the CVNS. The
restoration efforts include the removal of invasive species from Comox Valley wetland, riverine and
estuarine habitats and replanting with the appropriate native species.
!
"#$%&'(&$)&%!#*!+$,-%.,&!/0.&$!12&).&%34+/15!!The following italicised paragraphs are taken from the websites of the Global Invasive Species
Program2 (GISP) and from statements by its associated Invasive Species Specialist Group. These
paragraphs are meant for readers to familiarize themselves with the issues and the dangers associated
with allowing an unchecked spread of invasive alien species.
Species suddenly taken to new environments may fail to survive but often they thrive, and they become
invasive. This process, together with habitat destruction, has been a major cause of extinction of native
species throughout the world in the past few hundred years. Although in the past many of these losses
have gone unrecorded, today, there is an increasing realisation of the ecological costs of biological
invasion in terms of irretrievable loss of native biodiversity.
Invasive species are organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully establish
themselves in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems. Biologists are still
trying to characterise this capability to invade… But whatever the causes, the consequences of such
invasions - including alteration of habitat and disruption of natural ecosystem processes - are often
catastrophic for native species.” http://www.issg.org/ January 29, 2003
1 Invasive Alien species (IAS) are “introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where
they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, outcompete natives and take over the new environments.” 2 International group of scientists that are laying the groundwork to address invasive alien species in science,
education, management and policy through collaborative international action
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
“Failure to address the underlying causes of biological invasion and mitigate the impacts of IAS
(Invasive Alien Species) will result in both losses and gains. We will, for example, lose numerous
species, genetic resources, and quite possibly the entire concept of "protected" areas. Poverty,
malnourishment, human migration, and disease epidemics will, on the other hand, increase.”
http://jasper.stanford.edu/gisp/home.htm January 29, 2003
The above paragraphs highlight the very real dangers created by IAS. In particular, the last paragraph
raises the possibility of losing protected areas (parks, ecological preserves) as what could be considered
repositories of native species and genetic diversity. The concept of “protected” areas is especially
relevant as we move to a local scale and the preservation of the remaining wetlands in the Comox
Valley.
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN THE COMOX VALLEY
6-)789#($:!Within weeks of the 1991 discovery of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in the Courtenay River
estuary, Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) members and volunteers armed with shovels began
the task of removing it. By the summer of 1995 it became apparent that even a bio-control release of
predatory beetles in 1994 was to prove unsuccessful. The Courtenay River estuary was now infested
with loosestrife and the nearby source of contamination; a wetland was a sea of pink. CVNS member
and director Betty Lunam solicited funds from donor organizations and the public to hire workers to
replace volunteers suffering from burnout. In 1998 the continued efforts of Ms Lunam and the CVNS
were recognized by Eco-Action with a crew and supervisor in 1998-99 seasons. With the demise of
Eco-Action in 2000, funding was sought from other sources with limited success. A major
breakthrough came in 2001 when an accountability strategy was adopted to measure the success of
loosestrife removal. This new strategy involved counting the roots of all loosestrife plants removed
and mapping locations. With the recorded hours worked in 1999 & 2000 an estimate of plants removed
for these years could be derived from the 2001 plants-removed/hours worked ratio. Real numbers
indicated a dramatic decline in purple loosestrife presence. The CVNS project was succeeding and this
success gave funders a reason to financially support the project.
In 2004, the CVNS continued its program to eradicate alien plant species and establish diverse, healthy
populations of native species in the Courtenay River and its estuary. The IAS purple loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), Knotweed species (Polygonum cuspidatum, P.
sachalinense), Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) and Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) were
targeted for various degrees of removal efforts.
;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!4!"#$%&'()*+,-*%,*.(Purple loosestrife, a tall beautiful flowering plant, invades wetlands and gradually takes them over to
the exclusion of other plants. As a perennial plant, loosestrife increases its woody root mass yearly,
which can result in drying out marshes, destroying native habitat and displacing wildlife. The City of
Courtenay, the Town of Comox and the Regional District of Comox-Strathcona have put this invasive
plant on their noxious weed list.
This is the fourteenth year that the Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) have been waging an
unremitting war on purple loosestrife. Although native species have returned in greater numbers, other
invasive plants have colonized the disturbed areas.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
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Distinguishing features include a square stock
and lance shaped leaves with a leaf within a
leaf pattern.
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In total 6,628 purple loosestrife plants were removed from the wetlands of the Comox Valley in 2004.
The 2004 removal of purple loosestrife was a very strong effort with all sites receiving a final cleanup
and a later inspection. Chart 1, page 8 shows the number of purple loosestrife plants removed over
the period 1999 - 2004 with a Trendline predicting less than 5,000 plants for 2005.
Appendix 1 beginning on page 21 contains aerial photographs indicating the locations where purple
loosestrife was removed in 2003 & 2004. Appendix 1 is meant to act as a guide and maps for the
2005 season and beyond.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Purple Loosestrife Removal
24520
14900
66286360
15075
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y = -10402Ln(x) + 23936
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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The eight locations where purple loosestrife was removed are listed in Table 1 and displayed in Chart
2. A total of 53 days were dedicated to loosestrife removal in 2004 (58 days – 2003). Large seed
bearing plants (52 plants greater than 3 years old) are still being found in numbers. One extra large
plant was found at the intersection of Glen Urquhart Creek and Thorpe Drive in east Courtenay.
Loosestrife seeds in the Glen Urquhart Creek system from this plant will eventually float downstream
to sprout in the ditch lines of the Comox Bay Farm, Barry’s Farm or the Courtenay River estuary.
Days Days Days Days Days Loosestrife Removal
1999 2001 2002 2003 2004
Comox Bay Farm 18.0 8.1 5.0 5.5 2.9
Simpson & Barry Farms 5.0 1.8 1.3 5.1 3.2
Airpark & Walkway 4.0 0.9 3.1 3.3 3.5
Courtenay River 2.0 5.4 3.9 7.9 2.6
Lewis Park 15.0 27.9 14.8 12.8 16.5
Estuary 64.0 22.2 15.8 19.5 19.9
Malahat Drive 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9
Stapley Road/Campbell River 3.9 3.6
Totals 109.0 66.8 44.6 58.3 53.0
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
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Purple Loosestrife Removal
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20
30
40
50
60
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Planted for its showy yellow
spring flowers and for its erect
sword like leaves it often escapes
the garden to spread locally
along shorelines, stream flats,
and into fresh and brackish
marshes. Yellow flag iris is a
hearty perennial that re-grows
from thick, tuberous rhizomes or
corms. The rhizomes spread
radially to produce large clonal
populations. Rhizomes are
drought tolerant.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
!Both rhizomes and seeds of iris are transported downstream during winter’s high water floods to form
new colonies. Yellow flag iris will grow vigorously in water or wet soil to the complete exclusion of
cattails (Typha latifolia). ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Eighteen days were spent removing, bagging and hauling yellow flag iris to the landfill in 2004. In
total 11,196 kg of yellow flag were removed from the Courtenay River estuary over the 2002, 2003 &
2004 seasons. It will be important to monitor yellow flag presence over the next few years and
remove all plants as they mature and flower (easy to find) and before they can contribute to the
seed bank. Table 2 shows the dates and amounts of yellow flag iris and knotweed species that was
disposed of at the Pigeon Lake Landfill in 2002-04 years.
Year KGS Yellow flag iris Knotweed sps Garbage
2004 1,040 1010 30
2003 5,460 5,176 284
2002 6,810 5,010 1,800
Overall total 13,410 11,196 2,084 30
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While the bulk of yellow flag iris has been removed from the Courtenay River estuary there still
remains a considerable viable seed bank in the soil. Areas disturbed in the process of removing yellow
flag iris corms are often re-colonized with yellow flag seedlings from the seed bank. It was necessary
to hoe or weed most areas a couple of times to stop re-establishment. Additionally, areas that were
removed of blackberries and replanted with native grasses and
herbs required the weeding of thousands of yellow flag iris
seedlings that sprouted from the ever-present seed bank.
R-2-$&%&M!S.-$=!Q$#=P&&:!4;#0K8#$(B!
)(%2.:-=(BM!;?!%-)F-0.$&$%&5!!Knotweed species are present in hundreds of locations throughout
the Comox Valley and thousands of locations on Vancouver Island.
It is being spread to and from sites through the movement and
disturbance of knotweed contaminated soils. Knotweed grows in
all types of habitats from dry sand dune to wetland habitats. It
forms large dense stands three metres or taller in wetlands and
along streams choking out native species and endangering fish and
their habitat.
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Knotweed species are members of the Buckwheat Family,
herbaceous, semi-woody perennials with egg-shaped leathery leaves and greenish-white flowers that
bloom in clusters along the stem. With stout hollow stems, knotweeds can grow to three metres in
height forming dense clumps resembling bamboo. Soils contaminated with a rhizome piece as small as
7 grams can produce another plant. The rhizomes can penetrate concrete or asphalt, burrow into
hardpan soils to a depth of 2 metres, and reach 7 metres around the base of the plant.
Along the banks of the Courtenay River and in the estuary, knotweed has grown into dense groves
excluding all other plant communities.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
In Europe and the UK there has been a longer history of naturalization and spread of knotweed species
than in North America. The
destructive potential of knotweed
species has been recognized in the
UK with a budget for control and
legislation making it illegal to
introduce knotweed into the natural
environment.
Knotweed species are extremely
difficult to remove in wetland
habitats due to the reproductive
ability of its rhizomes. Established
plants should not be disturbed
(rhizome contaminated soils spread
infestations further) unless sufficient
funding is in place to effect a
complete removal within two
treatments (Huckins, E. 2003).
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For fear of spreading knotweed infestations further we were unwilling to target new plants for
eradication in 2003 or 2004. Table 2 on page 10 shows that 284kg of knotweed roots were removed in
2003 and 1800kg in 2002. Additionally, research continues for better methods of knotweed eradication
as current successful techniques rely primarily on the use of herbicides. In Canada there are no
herbicides approved for use in wetlands. Figure 5 shows a small plant that was successfully removed
in 2002 by hand digging and disposing of the roots in a landfill.
V.B-0-K-$!60-)7A&99.&%!4/&0&)(1,)-2+2%.(Known for their delicious berries, Himalayan blackberries are a major invasive alien species in the
estuary of the Courtenay River. Blackberries spread through seeds and via vines that touch earth at
their tips and sprout roots. The ability of vines to root at their tips allows blackberries to colonize
areas where it would be difficult to get established with seeds alone. In this manner, blackberries have
extended from roadsides and disturbed areas into the Courtenay River estuary. Once established
blackberries out compete native species by sending up new vines that can reach lengths in excess of 15
meters. These vines grow up through native species such as twinberry, tip over when not supported
and grow on top of the native species. Over time the dead vines press the native species down, deny
them sufficient light and eventually smother native shrubs out. Figure 6 shows a twinberry plant that
was pressed to the ground in just such a manner.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Blackberry plants
with vines partially
removed
Twinberry -
alive but
flattened by
blackberry
vines
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Blackberries dominate 4.7% of the estuary or 23.4% of
the upland area of the estuary. The aerial photograph
in Appendix 2 on page 33 shows the locations of the
major blackberry infestations of the Courtenay River
estuary that were measured in 2003. Of the 7457 m2 of
blackberries, 3243 were removed in 2003 and 1299 m2
were removed in 2003. There remains approximately
2915 m2 of blackberries in the estuary scattered over 7
different areas. .
Removal of blackberries involves cutting back the
vines to access the root base of the plant and then
digging out the roots. Once dug out, root wads and
smaller roots that are exposed to the sun expire.
Complete removal of blackberries will require
continued visits to pull remaining roots as they sprout.
Figure 7 to the right shows blackberries gaining a
height greater than 6 metres by using the limbs of a
spruce tree for support. Small amounts of Nootka rose
can be seen in the left foreground of the photo.
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
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The Comox Valley Naturalists Society acts as stewards of the Airpark for the City of Courtenay. As
such the CVNS has a goal of naturalizing the Airpark by removing non-native species and establishing
healthy populations of native species through recruitment from adjacent natural areas and plantings. A
Garry Oak ecosystem will be established in drier areas and estuarine species in the wetter areas.
Approximately 2 weeks were spent removing Himalayan blackberry and Scotch broom from a section
of the Courtenay Airpark. Soils along the Airpark Walkway are comprised of compacted poor quality
fills and range from coarse to fine gravels, clays and debris from construction sites including concrete,
asphalts and metals. The compact nature of the soils in the Airpark makes digging with hand tools
physically demanding, time consuming and non-productive. For this reason, removal of invasives and
planting of native species was done with the aid of a rented mini-excavator. The excavator was used to
remove blackberries, dig holes for native plantings and load a track carrier with biosolids. The
Regional District of Comox Strathcona donated two dump truck loads of biosolids for the Airpark
Naturalization Project. The biosolids were applied directly to the soil around the native plantings to
boost soil nutrients and plant health. Figure 8 below shows where removal, planting efforts and
biosolids were dispersed in 2004.
20 S
t
Fitzgerald PlMansfield Dr
Cliffe
Ave
Cliffe
A
Mansfield D
r
Com
ox Rd
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CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
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S9-%%!12&).&%!.$!=F&!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!--Written by Heather West and E. Sellentin--
On July 2, 2003, Ernie Sellentin and Heater West of the Comox Valley Naturalists Society’s Wetland
Habitat Restoration Project met with Manivalde Vaartnou a native grass expert specializing in
vegetation reclamation services. Mr. Vaartnou is currently test growing native grass species on a
commercial scale to determine seed productivity and harvestability. The goal of Mr. Vaartnou’s
project is to have a native grass seed product available for all types of ecosystem reclamation work
(Vaartnou, M. 2003.). Currently non-native grasses are seeded on construction and other sites to
prevent erosion. The practice of seeding with non-native grasses is one reason why many ecosystems
and wetland sites are loosing their native grasses.
The group spent two hours touring the Courtenay River estuary and with Mr Vaartnou’s expertise
identified eleven species of grasses. Of the eleven grass species identified, three of the grasses, tufted
hairgrass, meadow barley, and blue joint are native plant species of our region. The non-native species
were reed canary grass, quack grass, tall fescue, orchard grass, colonial bentgrass, fowl bluegrass,
Kentucky bluegrass, and common velvet grass. The non-native species are most likely derived from
highway seeding projects and the farmlands across the Dyke Road. Kentucky bluegrass, colonial bent
grass, and Canada blue grass are commonly found in seed mixes used for pastures (M. Vaartnou,
2003). The following grass species were identified within the Courtenay Estuary on July 2, 2003. The
field marks and ecological notes are quoted from Pojar and MacKinnon’s Plants of Coastal British
Columbia, 1994.
1. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. beringensis) is a highly variable native species
found in many habitats; coastal salt marshes to alpine tundra. Its range extends from the
Arctic to high altitudes in the tropics.
2. Meadow barley (Hordeum brachyantherum) is a native species most abundant in maritime
habitats. The awned spikelets can attach to clothing or to hair and skin of animals. The
spikelets can caused injury by working into the nose or mouth passages, or even through the
intestines of animals eating them, but blacktail deer graze the leaves freely.
3. Blue joint (Calamagrostis canadensis) is a native species that is a very aggressive colonizer
after disturbance. The seeds of blue joint are larger than those of tufted hairgrass.
‘Reedgrass’ is another common name for species in this genus.
4. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) grows in wet places in disturbed sites. It is scattered
and often locally abundant the southern half of our region especially around areas of human
habitation or agricultural activity. It is not clear whether reed canary grass is entirely
introduced or whether it is indigenous in parts of the coast and has extended its range
through human influence.
5. Quack grass (Elymus repens) is an introduced European species that has become well
established in the settled portions of our region as a vigorous, persistent weed. It is also
known as ‘Couchgrass’.
6. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is an introduced, large, perennial, European species that
occurs in disturbed areas in our region (especially from southwestern B.C. to the south).
This species has broad leaves.
7. Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) is introduced from Eurasia. It is cultivated for hay and is
used in grass-seeding mixtures on clearings and along road cuts. One spot that the orchard
grass is located in the Courtenay Estuary is along the old roadway that is now used as a
trail. Orchard grass could be confused with reed canary grass, but reed canary grass usually
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
has wider leaves and a more narrow, pointed inflorescence and it usually grows in wetter
habitats than does orchard grass.
8. Colonial bent grass (Agrostis capillaris) is introduced from Europe for pastures and lawns. It is
scattered throughout our region. Also known as A. tenuis, colonial Bentgrass is called
‘colonial’ because it grows in dense masses. The species name capillaris alludes to the thin
leaves.
9. Fowl bluegrass (Poa palustris) is an introduced Eurasian species (Mani argues that fowl
bluegrass is a native species). Bulbous bluegrass is common in disturbed, relatively dry
habitats at low elevations in the southern half of our region (especially in the Strait of
Georgia-Puget Sound area and south). Fowl bluegrass is more delicate than Kentucky
bluegrass and is located on the point in the Courtenay Estuary.
10. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is an introduced and widely established species that is
extensively used in lawn and pasture grass mixes. It is found in meadows, pastures,
clearings, roadsides, thickets, and open forest sites from low to middle elevations
(especially those near settlements).
11. Common velvet-grass (Holcus lanatus) is an introduced meadow grass from Europe. It is
commonly found growing in and around human settlements at low elevations.
C&&:!"-$-9K!S9-%%!
43$*+*%,)(*%&41,4*-5*5!Reed canary grass was not present in
the eastern part of the estuary in
1974. By 2003 reed canary grass
has become the dominant grass
throughout the entire estuary and is
displacing Lyngby’s sedge at its
upper regions. On the western
portion of the estuary where it was
present in 1974 it has formed large
clonal stands. A late August 2003
inspection of a stand of reed canary
grass shown in figure 9 revealed no
other plant species present.
!!!!!!>.8(9&!G?!C&&:!"-$-9K!S9-%%!-%!-!J#B.$-$=!12&).&%!
By identifying the grass species and plant communities that presently exist in the estuary, changes may
be compared to the plant communities identified in a 1974 Master’s Thesis completed by K. Kennedy.
Twelve grass species were identified in the 1974 thesis, three of which have yet to be identified in the
estuary; seashore saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), western mannagrass (Glyceria occidentalis) and sweet
vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). Three species that have emerged since the 1974 thesis (tall
fescue, bluejoint grass, and fowl bluegrass) may have been identified as another species with very
similar characteristics.
Bluejoint grass is native to Vancouver Island but has recently adapted to growing in estuarine habitat.
Perhaps this vigorous species is pushing out some of the weaker competitors and changing the species
found in the Courtenay River estuary (Vaartnou, M. 2003). The general conclusion from the 2003
inventory was that the grass species currently in the Courtenay River estuary are mostly non-native
introduced grasses. Mr Vaartnou recommended the following planting prescriptions:
! 8%
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
! 8&
1. Sandy Beaches- Tufted hairgrass, Nootka alkali grass, spiked bentgrass, and meadow barley.
2. Estuary meadow- Tufted hairgrass, mannagrass species, and meadow barley. Plant one
kilogram of seed in a small plot and monitor germination success.
Removing the large amount of invasive alien grasses in the Courtenay River estuary is neither
physically possible nor desirable. In 2003 1kg of mannagrass was purchased and planted in an area
that was cleared of blackberries. Mr. Vaartnou identified a few stands of native mannagrass in 2003
and since that time it has been found present in numerous locations most notably in the Old Tsolum
River channel just north of Lewis Park. Approximately 2kgs of mannagrass was harvested in 2004 and
planted in locations where invasive species were removed.
It is hoped that re-introducing native grasses will keep them present and help preserve the historical
biodiversity and food webs of the Courtenay River estuary.
Summary of Plant Communities in the Courtenay River Estuary
In 1974, Kathyrn Kennedy a Masters student at the University of British Columbia identified the plant
communities and plant species of the Courtenay River estuary. Kennedy’s Thesis gives a baseline
study of the plant communities and species that were present at that time. During the 2003 field season
and 29 years after Ms Kennedy’s work the plant communities and species were once again identified.
Comparison of the 1974 and 2003 plant communities and species list shows that the estuary is a place
of change. The ever-present invasive species purple loosestrife, yellow flag iris and Japanese
knotweed were not found in the estuary in 1974. In 2004, reed canary grass is a dominant grass in the
eastern part of the estuary whereas in 1974 it was listed as present only in the western most part of the
estuary.
Nine days were devoted to identifying, recording and mapping the locations of 11 plant communities
and presence of over 170 species of plants in the Courtenay River estuary. Mr. Fred Constable
volunteered a week of his time and was the key force in identifying individual species of plants in the
estuary. In the 2005 an ongoing inventory of seasonal plants will be conducted in an effort to complete
a comprehensive list of plants not easily discovered when in small numbers or unless in bloom.
Appendix 3 starting on page 36 contains a list of the plant communities and species found in the
Courtenay River estuary. Aerial photographs of the estuary on page 45 & 46 diagram the general
locations where communities and their associated species may be found.
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
! 8'
SUMMARY OF WORK COMPLETED
A total of 1726.5 hours or 230.2 days were spent on the project in 2004. This includes everything from
fieldwork to bookkeeping and the production of this report. Of the 1726.5 hours of work, 115.5 were
volunteer hours. Hours of work were broken down into twelve categories by 7.5-hour days. These
categories with a detailed job description are as follows:
1. Loosestrife – 55 days
!"Removal, bagging and hauling of purple loosestrife to composting facility
2. Yellow Flag – 17.9 days
!"Removal, bagging and hauling of yellow flag iris to Pigeon Lake landfill
3. Blackberry species – 48.3 days
!"Cutting of canes away from native species, removal of roots and exposure to sun
4. Books and Writing – 7.7 days
!"Funding proposals, budgeting, payroll calculations, remittances to Canada Customs and
Revenue Agency, Records of Employment, T4’s, and year end report
5. Plant maintenance, Seed Collection – 48.8 days
!"Watering, weeding, mulching of current and previous plantings. Collection and
cleaning of native plant seeds for planting in rehabilitated areas
6. Knotweed – 12.7 days
!"Removal bagging and hauling of knotweed roots to Pigeon Lake landfill.
7. Work preparations – 5.0 days
!"Boat maintenance, tool maintenance (sharpening, handle replacement), tool allocation,
daily work planning and vehicle cleanup.
8. Holiday pay – 8.5 days
!"Government regulated mandatory paid holidays
9. Plant communities – 0.5 days
!"Delineating and mapping plant communities, species identification and data entry
10. Public relations and other – 15.0 days
!"Presentation preparations, public speaking engagements and presentation
!"Meeting with partnership groups (City of Courtenay and Field Sawmill)
11. Broom – 9.6 days
!"Pulling and cutting of broom
12. Scouting – 0.6days
!"Checking of new areas for invasive non-native species
The summary of work allocation with a comparison between 2003 & 2004 is displayed graphically in
the Chart 3 below. Expectations for the 2005-year and budgetary considerations should see
approximately the same allocation of time per job description. With the removal of 1,010kgs of yellow
flag iris from the Courtenay River estuary in 2004 there remains few if any large plants to deal with in
2005. However, a considerable bank of yellow flag iris seed is present in the soil that quickly sprouts
when blackberries are removed. These sprouts are dealt with via hand weeding/hoeing and expire
easily in the sun. Time not allocated to yellow flag removal will be needed for maintenance in the
form of planting and weeding until the native species are well established and the soil becomes
exhausted of invasive species seeds.
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Days W
ork
ed
Per
Jo
b D
escri
pti
on
0.0
10
.0
20
.0
30
.0
40
.0
50
.0
60
.0
70
.0
Him
ala
yan B
lack
berr
y Sco
tch B
room
Knotw
eed S
peci
es
Purp
le L
oose
strife Y
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wfla
g Iris
Books
& W
ritin
g
Pla
nt co
mm
uniti
es
Pla
nt M
ain
tenance
, S
eed C
olle
ctio
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Sco
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g &
Oth
er
Public
Rela
tions
& O
ther
Work
Pre
para
tions
Holid
ay
pay
Jo
b D
escri
pti
on
Day
s W
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"F-9=!N?!J-K%!L#97&:!2&9!R#A!J&%)9.2=.#$M!@DDN!\!@DDE
!8(
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
! 87
Recommendations
The 2005-year needs a continued focus on the eradication of purple loosestrife. The strong effort in
2003 & 2004 has left few large loosestrife plants able to contribute to the seed bank for the 2005
season. Of all the infested areas only the Simms farm/slough area is of concern. A thorough effort was
put forth in the Simms/Slough area in 2004 with less than 500 plants discovered. Due to the mucky
nature of this area it requires extreme caution and determination to ensure the area is covered
adequately.
There remains a number of immature non-flowering yellow flag iris plants and a considerable yellow
flag iris seedbank in the estuary. The plants should be removed early in 2004 with a summer long
follow-up and weeding of seedbank sprouts. All areas where plants were removed in 2002-2004 years
should also be checked for seedlings. Where blackberries were removed in the past and the soil
exposed to sunlight a heavy crop of yellow flag iris sprouted. Continued weeding in areas where
blackberries are removed will be necessary to control the establishment of yellow flag iris.
Efforts to remove Himalayan blackberries should continue in 2005. There remains 2915m2 of the
original 7457 m2 of blackberries that dominated 23% of the upland area of the estuary. An ongoing
check for blackberry shoots in restored areas will reveal roots missed in previous eradication efforts.
Areas cleared of blackberries are ideal for the planting of desirable native grasses, herbs and shrubs.
Japanese knotweed continues to expand its presence along the banks of the Courtenay River and upland
areas of the Comox Valley. Knotweed has been successfully removed from one location with ongoing
removal efforts at another location. Mapping the location and measuring the size of the Japanese
knotweed patches would give a baseline point to measure future control/eradication efforts. With a
much heavier rate of knotweed infestation, the state of Oregon may be able to provide valuable
information on control and eradication methods (Huckins, E. 2003). The Nature Conservancy of
Oregon is currently trial testing stem injection of herbicides to control knotweed. Preliminary tests
show promising results with further tests and final analysis available in the summer of 2004 (Soll, J.,
2003).
Conclusion/Discussion
The ongoing effort of the CVNS at removing purple loosestrife is showing a promising decline in the
occurrence of this destructive wetland plant. The potential exists for a dramatic decline in purple
loosestrife in the next few years. The removal of loosestrife has evolved into a holistic project of
wetland management that monitors the health of the estuary through a yearly presence in the field. For
example, this continued presence has lead to the recognition of the destructiveness of Himalayan
blackberries and yellow flag iris to the ecology and food webs of the estuary.
The 2003 mapping of plant communities in the estuary gives a good baseline account of invasive
species presence. Removal efforts of blackberries and the domination by non-native grass species can
now be measured from this baseline study. Additionally, vigilance of threats by new invasive species,
combined with field identification can get an early start to prohibiting the establishment of undesirable
alien plant species. Early detection and rapid response (eradication) are the keys to success and cost
control when removing an invasive alien species.
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
! "9
Reference:
Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington
Press, Seattle, Washington.
Huckins, E. 2003. Watershed Technical Specialist, Lincoln Soil and Water Conservation District,
Newport, Oregon. Personal communication with E. Sellentin.
Pojar, J., and A. MacKinnon. 1994. Plants of Coastal British Columbia including Washington,
Oregon & Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, B.C.
Soll, J. 2003. The Nature Conservancy and Metro Parks and Greenspaces, Stem injection of Japanese
and giant knotweed, Preliminary Results Report 1. The Nature Conservancy, Portland Oregon.
Vaartnou, M., 2003. Establishment of a Native Seed Industry for the West Coast of Vancouver Island,
Final Report 2002/03. Unpublished.
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
APPENDIX 1.
<#)-=.#$!#*!;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!C&B#,-0!H!@DDE!The areas are as follows:
1. Area 1 – Comox Bay Farms ditch lines and constructed ponds
2. Area 2 – Simpson & Barry Farms to CBF
3. Area 3 – Airpark Walkway
4. Area 4 – Courtenay River from Lewis park to Airpark Marina
5. Area 5 – Courtenay River north of Lewis Park
6. Area 6 – Estuary on East side of Comox Road and south of Interfor’s sawmill
7. Area 7. – Detention Pond, Malahat Drive and Glen Urquhart Creek
/9&-!3!]!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B%!4"6>5!- Ditch lines and ponds on DU Lands!!
!"A total of 2.9 (5.5 days 2003, 5 days 2002) days was spent on removing purple loosestrife from
this area. It was visited on four different occasions with flowering plants being discovered on
two occasions.
!"This area covers the ponds and all the ditch lines to Barry’s farm
This area is owned by Ducks Unlimited and is accessed through the farm or more often through the
south side of the Superstore parking lot. Purple loosestrife was found and removed along the ditch
lines and around the ponds. In August of 2003 the ditches behind Superstore were cleaned and alders
were thinned. The soil removed during ditching was contaminated with purple loosestrife and
dumped in a location denoted on Figure 10. The site indicated in Figure 10 will have to be checked
on an annual basis. By August of 2004 purple loosestrife had sprouted from seed to mature flowering
plants in the areas ditched in 2003. Approximately 60m2 of Himalayan blackberry canes and roots
were removed from and area indicated on Figure 10.
Denotes purple loosestrife presence and removal
Black circle denotes dominance by Himalayan blackberries
Yellow Flag presence: removed and not removed
Knotweed (Japanese, Giant & Himalayan)
! "8
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
>.8(9&!3DM!/9&-!3?!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B!;#$:%!
! ""
>.8(9&!33M!/9&-!3?!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B!=#!6-99K_%!>-9B!
Barry’s
Farm Comox Bay
Farm
Soil
Dumped
here
Blackberries
removed
2003
Alders
removed in
Aug 2003
Superstore
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
/9&-!@!]!10#(8F!=F9#(8F!1.B2%#$!\!6-99K!>-9B%!=#!"6>!
!"3.2 days 2004 (2003, 5.1 days scouting for and removing purple loosestrife 1.5 days 2002,1day
2001, 1day 1999)
!"This area is downstream from a seed source and upstream from a tidal seed source
The largest plant discovered in 2002 came from Barry’s farm just upstream from the newfound 2003
infestations. The location of this plant is marked in Figures 12 & 13. Large plants that would have
seeded in 2002 & 2003 were also found in the constructed wetland shown in Figure 13. Hundreds of
plants were removed from the locations in Figure 12. Area 2 is very difficult to cover thoroughly.
Extreme caution is necessary when working in this area as in places the bottom has over 60 cm of
soft mud. Using a canoe along with a 14-foot tide allows reasonable access to this area.
Large loosestrife
found in 2002
Canoe
launched
here
Simpson Farm
Barry’s Farm
And taken as far
as this location
New infestations found in 2003 with
more removal of plants in 2004
>.8(9&!3@M!/9&-!@?!!10#(8F!=F9#(8F!1.B2%#$!\!6-99K!>-9B%!
! "#
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Hip waders needed
in this area, >1/2
metre deep
Largest
loosestrife
found in
2002
Large plants found
in constructed
wetland 2003 &
2004
Barry’s Farm
>.8(9&!3NM!/9&-!@?!!!10#(8F!-$:!6-99K_%!>-9B!:.=)F!0.$&!
! "$
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
/9&-!N!]!/.92-97!L-07P-K!
This is a large area extending from the freshwater marina to 31st Street. There are scattered patches of
loosestrife and knotweed from one end to the other. Himalayan blackberries are a major concern along
the length of the walkway.
!"3.5 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 3.3 in 2003, 3.1 days 2002, 1 day 2001, 4 days
1999
!"Blackberries and broom removed from area between walkway and lagoon. Thirty six native
species planted and mulched by the CVNS, then watered by the City of Courtenay
!"Japanese knotweed plant disturbed and spread when new walkway constructed north of the
Courtenay Airpark in 2003. Knotweed was hand removed in 2004 but still present
!"Watering and mulching of plantings from 2002
New walkway and
newly disturbed
knotweed plant 2003
>.8(9&!3EM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!
Airpark
Walkway
Broom & Blackberries
Removed – 36 Native
Species Planted in 2004
Mulched with Bio-solids
Area Planted in
Fall of 2002 and
watered summer of
2003, 2004
! "%
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Watering &
mulching
Broom removal
and watering of
2002 plantings
Knotweed
>.8(9&!3TM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!
!
!
Viewing
Stand Japanese
Knotweed Loosestrife
>.8(9&!3WM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K
! "&
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
!Knotweed indicated in Figure 16 is growing amongst Nootka rose. This makes it very difficult to
remove without destroying a significant amount of Nootka rose. Further work will be needed to get at
all the knotweed roots. It may be necessary to remove some Nootka rose in this area and replant it after
knotweed is removed.
!
31st Street
Viewing
Stand
Airpark
Walkway
>.8(9&!3XM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!
! "'
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
/9&-!E!]!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!<&P.%!;-97!=#!/.92-97!`-9.$-!
This area was searched on six different occasions using the boat and outboard motor. Purple loosestrife
plants were found along the entire section of the river and in the Federal Government freshwater
marina. Purple loosestrife was found in the constructed wetland at Simms Park in 2003 but not in
2004.
!"2.6 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 7.9 days 2003, 3.5 days – 2002, 5 days – 2001,
and 2 days in 1999
17th
Street Bridge
Walkway
Knotweed
disturbed and
spread around
Standard
Park
>.8(9&!3ZM!/9&-!E?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!/.92-97!=#!`.00&$$.(B!;-97!
!
! "(
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Lewis
Park Federal
Marina
5th
Street
Bridge
Millennium
Park
Constructed
Wetland -
2003
>.8(9&!3GM!/9&-!E?!!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!1=-$:-9:!=#!<&P.%!;-97%!
/9&-!T]!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!$#9=F!#*!<&P.%!;-97!.$)0(:.$8!I%#0(B!C.,&9!-$:!
a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!)F-$$&0!-$:!P&=0-$:%?!
The old Tsolum River Back channel was dramatically altered in 1981 when the Tsolum River changed
course and cut this channel off from its flow. As such this channels flow is now mainly tidal with rapid
infilling via silt deposition and is an area under constant change. The yearly infilling with silt makes
the channel ideal habitat for the colonization by invasive species. In addition to purple loosestrife an
annual plant of the impatiens family has become well established in a large part of the grass habitat.
!"16.5 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 12.8 days in 2003, 14 days 2002, 28 days 2001,
14 days 1999
! "7
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Single
large
LS
found
in
2002
Beaver
Dams
1 large LS
plant
discovered
2003
>.8(9&!@DM!/9&-!T?!!a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!"F-$$&0!-$:!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!
!"The Knotweed shown in Figure 22 is growing in riprap making it difficult to remove without
major expense or by using chemical herbicides.
!"Two different species of Knotweed can be observed growing side by side in Figure 22. One has
much smaller leaves than the other.
! #9
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Removed but needs more
work 2003 & 2004
Y#=!C&B#,&:!
>.8(9&!@3M!/9&-!T?!!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!-$:!a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!"F-$$&0!
>.8(9&!@@M!/9&-!T?!!I%#0(B!C.,&9!%F#P.$8!0#)-=.#$!#*!Q$#=P&&:!%2&).&%?!
! #8
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
/9&-!W!]!U%=(-9K!#$!U-%=!%.:&!#*!"#B#^!C#-:!-$:!%#(=F!#*!>.&0:!1-PB.00!
Area 6 is the last remnant of natural, significantly treed, wild estuary habitat that remains of the
Courtenay River. This area is vital to the preservation of a healthy stock of native plant species and
thus the ecological diversity of the area.
!"19.9 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 19.5 days 2003, 15.8 days 2002, 22.2 days
2001 and 64 days in 1999
!
>.8(9&!@NM!/9&-!W?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!!
Figure 23 shows the location of purple loosestrife removed in 2003 and 2004. The marks indicate the
approximate areas where loosestrife is most prevalent. These areas are generally the same year to year
but the entire area should be checked annually.
! #"
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
Regennah Dr
shank A
ve
alecourt C
r
Royal Vista Way
E 5 St
E 5 St
E 4 S
t
Dingwal
l Rd
Necha
ko S
t
E 4 S
t
E 5 S
t
Sta
fford A
ve
MacIntyre
Ave
Royal V
ista W
ay
Cro
wn
Isle
Dr
Rees Rd
E 6 St
Cowichan Ave
Qua
licum
Ave
Sta
fford A
ve
E 5 S
t
McL
au
ch
lin D
r
E 4 S
t
Evergre
en A
ve
E 6 S
t
E 9 S
t
Pan
orama C
r
Nim
Nim
Pl
E 6 StNim
Nim
Pl
Arro
wsm
ith A
ve
E 6 S
t
E 9
St
McL
au
ch
lin D
r
E 6 S
t
Lerw
ick Rd
Oak P
l
E 6 S
t
Thorpe
AveTurn
er D
r Vie
w A
ve
Ma
ntle
Dr
Ryan
Rd
E 6 S
t
Ze
ba
llos D
r
Ellce
e Pl
Pin
tail
Pl
E 10 S
t
E 6 S
t
Mala
hat D
r
Ryan
Rd
Valleyview Dr
Aston P
l E 10 S
tStevens P
l
Thorpe
Ave
Flicker P
lMalahat Dr
Sitka Ave
Back R
d
Back Rd
Griffin Dr
Hobson Ave
E 10 S
t
E 10 S
t
Griffin D
rE 10 S
tHurford R
d
Valleyvie
w D
r
Qui
nsam
Pl
E 10 S
t
Pheas
ant Pl
Lerw
ick R
d
E 10 S
t
Willia
ms R
d
Val
leyv
iew
DrH
obson Ave
Ma
llard
Dr
Gle
n Urq
uha
rt Dr
Qua
il Pl
Back R
d
E 1
5 St
Dorkin
g RdBack Rd
Valleyview Dr
Lerw
ick Rd
Mark
Isfeld
School
Glen Urquhart Creek
and Thorpe Drive, large
Loosestrife - 2004
Detention Pond
>.8(9&!@EM!/9&-!X?!J&=&$=.#$!;#$:!-=!`-0-F-=!J9.,&!-$:!S0&$!b9'(F-9=!"9&&7!
!A large loosestrife plant was found at the upstream side of the intersection of Glen Urquhart Creek and
Thorpe Drive in east Courtenay. This plant was growing in riprap and it was not possible to remove
the roots. This loosestrife plant will be alive and well in 2005. Additionally, the area is heavy to
Himalayan blackberries making access to the site difficult. The discovery of this plant in 2004
emphasizes the importance of covering previously infested areas with diligence on a yearly basis.
! ##
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
>.8(9&!@TM!/9&-!W?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!O&00#P!>0-8!+9.%!\!Q$#=P&&:!
12&).&%!
This was the third year that yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and knotweed species were targeted for
removal. Eighteen days were spent removing iris, much of which was scattered throughout the estuary
or buried in bark debris. This required more hours of work per kilogram of iris removed than in 2002
or 2003.
Yellow flag iris removed in 2002
Yellow flag removed in 2003
Yellow flag removed in 2004
Knotweed species initial removal 2002 follow up in 2003 & 2004
Knotweed infestation
! #$
CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin
APPENDIX 2.
:,;/<3,=!,>!?3@/+/A/=!B+/;CD*22A!E,@3=/=;*!
11 14
12
2
8
3
4
115
10
7
6
13
5
9
!!!>.8(9&!@WM!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9KM!J#B.$-$)&!AK!V.B-0-K-$!60-)7A&99.&%!
Area # Square metres Percent coverage Percent removed m2 removed
1 61 50.00% 100% 61
2 98 50.00% 100% 98
3 299 70.00% 100% 299
4 266 80.00% 0% 0
5 843 60.00% 100% 843
6 484 95.00% 100% 484
7 763 75.00% 95% 725
8 256 90.00% 90% 230
9 89 60.00% 50% 45
10 935 50.00% 100% 935
11 2308 60.00% 20% 462
12 60 75.00% 100% 60
13 291 60.00% 0% 0
14 403 50.00% 0% 0
15 301 75.00% 100% 301
Total Blackberries 2002 7,457 4542
Removed 2003 1,299
Removed 2004 3,243
Remaining 2,915
I-A0&!N?!!@DDNHDE!60-)7A&99K!12&).&%!`&-%(9&B&$=%!-$:!C&B#,-0!
! #%
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
AP
PE
ND
IX 3
. C
OU
RT
EN
AY
RIV
ER
ES
TU
AR
Y P
LA
NT
CO
MM
UN
ITIE
S
Th
e li
st o
f p
lan
ts b
elo
w i
s n
ot
com
ple
te;
man
y m
ore
are
wai
ting
to
be
dis
cov
ered
. S
om
e p
lan
ts l
iste
d w
ere
ente
red
fro
m a
n e
arli
er
inv
ento
ry b
ut
no
t p
lace
d i
n c
om
mu
nit
ies
thu
s th
ey h
ave
no
lo
cati
on
entr
ies.
O
ther
pla
nts
lis
ted
but
also
wit
h n
o l
oca
tio
n m
ay b
e fr
om
Ken
ned
y’s
lis
t an
d a
s y
et h
ave
no
t b
een
fo
un
d o
r id
enti
fied
. P
lan
ts a
re l
iste
d a
s O
ne
= o
nly
one
found, F
= f
ew, C
= c
om
monly
occ
ur,
CD
= c
o-d
om
inan
t w
ith
on
e o
r tw
o o
ther
sp
ecie
s, a
nd
D =
do
min
ant
spec
ies
of
that
pla
nt
com
mu
nit
y.
E
ach
pla
nt
com
mu
nit
y i
s
ou
tlin
ed o
n t
he
aeri
al p
ho
tog
rap
hs
and
giv
en a
nu
mber
co
rres
po
nd
ing
to
th
e p
lant
com
mu
nit
y o
n t
he
list
.
Fo
r u
ser’
s co
nv
enie
nce
th
e p
age
nu
mb
ers
for
each
pla
nt
are
giv
en f
rom
th
e P
lan
ts o
f C
oas
tal
Bri
tish
Co
lum
bia
by
Po
jar
and
Mac
Kin
no
n.
When
no
t li
sted
in
Pla
nts
of
Co
asta
l B
C,
the
pag
e n
um
ber
s fr
om
th
e F
lora
of
the
Pac
ific
No
rth
wes
t b
y H
itch
cock
an
d
Cro
nq
uis
t ar
e g
iven
in
bo
ld t
yp
e.
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Abie
s gra
ndis
G
rand f
ir
34
Ach
illea m
illefo
lum
Yarr
ow
279
FF
FF
CC
FC
C
Agro
stis
tenuis
co
lonia
l bentg
rass
367
CC
F
Alis
ima p
lantg
o-a
quatica
W
ate
r pla
nta
in
337
F
F
Aln
us
rubra
Red A
lder
44
CF
ON
EF
F1
FO
NE
C
Am
bro
sia c
ham
isso
nis
Silv
er
burw
eed
278
C
Am
ela
nch
ier
aln
ifolia
Sask
ato
on
72
C
Anaphalis
marg
arita
ceae
Pearly e
verlast
ing
304
F
Angelic
a g
enuflexa
Kneelin
g a
ngelic
a
218
F
FC
FF
F
Anth
roxa
nth
um
odora
tum
sw
eet
vern
al gra
ss
370
Ast
er
folia
ceus
Leafy
Ast
er
288
FF
CC
CD
DF
CC
Ath
yriu
m f
elix
-fem
ina
Lady f
ern
422
FO
NE
FF
FF
Atr
iple
x patu
la
Com
mon o
rach
e, sa
ltbush
310
Barb
are
a o
rthoce
ras
Am
erica
n w
inte
r cr
ess
149
!#&
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Bid
ens
am
plis
sim
a
Beggar
tick
s
290
FF
F
Bro
dia
ea h
yaci
nth
ina
Fool's
onio
n
107
F
Cala
magro
stis
canadensi
s blu
e join
t
365
CF
FC
DC
CF
Cam
mass
ia q
uam
ash
co
mm
on c
am
as
108
CF
CC
CC
C
Care
x ly
ngbei
Lyngby's
sedge
400
CD
CC
DC
CC
C
Cast
illeja
min
iata
Com
mon R
ed p
ain
tbru
sh
258
F
FF
F
Cast
illeja
unala
schce
nsi
s U
nala
ska p
ain
tbru
sh
257
F
Chenopodiu
m r
ubru
m
Red g
oose
foot
311
F
Cic
horium
inty
bus
Chic
ory
227
F
Cic
uta
dougla
sii
Dougla
s' w
ate
r hem
lock
215
F
CF
F
Cirsi
um
arv
ense
Canada t
his
tle
306
CF
FC
CC
CF
F
Cla
ytonia
sib
rica
Sib
erian M
iner’s
Lett
uce
133
F
Convo
lvulu
s se
piu
m
Morn
ing g
lory
326
FF
FC
Corn
us
stonolif
era
Red-o
sier
dogw
ood
90
CF
FF
Cra
taegus
dougla
sii
bla
ck h
aw
thorn
73
CF
FF
ON
EC
Cra
taegus
monogyn
a
Com
mon H
aw
thorn
73
F
Cys
tisu
s sc
oparis
Sco
tch b
room
83
F
C
Dact
ylis
glo
mera
ta
orc
hard
gra
ss
371
C
Daucu
s ca
rota
Q
ueen
Anne's
Lace
221
FF
F
Desc
ham
psi
ace
spitosa
tu
fted h
airgra
ss
384
FC
FC
CD
F
Dic
entr
a f
orm
osa
Ble
edin
g H
eart
313
F
Dis
poru
m h
ooke
ri
Hooker's
fairybells
102
FF
Dis
tich
ilis
spic
ata
se
ash
ore
salt g
rass
381
!#'
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Dodeca
theon p
ulc
hellu
m
Few
flo
were
d s
hooting
star
324
F
CF
CF
FC
F
Elo
charis
palu
stris
Cre
epin
g s
pik
e-r
ush
406
FF
Ely
mus
molli
s dunegra
ss
364
F
Ely
mus
repens
quack
gra
ss, co
uch
gra
ss
362
Epilo
biu
m a
ugust
ifoliu
m
fire
weed
206
Epilo
biu
m w
ats
onii
Wats
on's
will
ow
herb
207
FC
FC
CC
Equis
etu
m a
rvense
Com
on h
ors
eta
il
430
FC
CF
F
Erigero
n p
hila
delp
hic
us
Phila
delp
hia
fle
abane
284
ON
E
Ery
thro
niu
m o
regonum
W
hite F
aw
n L
illy
104
C
Fest
uca
aru
ndin
ace
ae
Tall
fesc
ue
376
FF
Fest
uca
pra
tensi
s M
eadow
fesc
ue
376
CC
Fritilla
ria c
am
schatc
ensi
s N
ort
hern
ric
e r
oot
110
FC
CF
C
Fritilla
ria lance
ola
ta
choco
lat
lily
110
Galiu
m a
parine
Bedst
raw
330
FF
C
Galiu
m a
sperr
ium
Rough b
edst
raw
4
49
Galiu
m t
rifidum
sm
all
bedst
raw
331
FC
FC
CC
Galiu
m t
rifloru
m
Sw
eet-
scente
d b
edst
raw
330
F
FC
CC
C
Gera
niu
m m
olle
D
ovevoot
gera
niu
m
316
Gera
niu
m r
obert
ianum
herb
Robert
316
FC
Gla
ux
maritim
a
sea-m
ilkw
ort
321
C
Gly
ceria o
ccid
enta
lis
west
ern
managra
ss
379
Grindelia
inte
rgrifo
lia
Gum
weed
291
Hera
cleum
lanatu
m
Cow
pars
nip
213
C
F
F
!#(
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Hesp
eris
matr
onalis
D
am
e's
vio
let,
sw
eet
rock
et
16
9
Holc
us
lanatu
m
com
mon v
elv
et
gra
ss
385
CF
Holo
dis
cus
dis
colo
r O
ceansp
ray c
ream
bush
71
F
Hord
eum
bra
chya
nth
eru
m
meadow
barley
362
F
Hyp
ericu
m f
orm
osu
m
West
ern
St
John's
-wort
319
F
FC
FF
CF
Hyp
och
aeris
radic
ata
H
airy C
at's-
ear
274
FF
11
1
Ilex
aquifoliu
m
Holly
F
F
Impatiens
noli
tangere
to
uch
-me-n
ot
314
F
Iris
pse
udaco
rus
yello
w-f
lag
116
FF
FF
FF
Juncu
s acu
min
atu
s ta
pere
d r
ush
414
FC
Juncu
s baltic
us
Baltic
rush
410
Juncu
s eff
usu
s co
mm
on r
ush
410
CC
CC
F?
F
Lact
uca
bie
nnis
Tall
Blu
e L
ett
uce
276
FF
Lath
yrus
japonic
us
beach
pea
191
ON
EF
Lath
yrus
palu
stris
mars
h p
eavin
e
191
FF
FC
CC
CF-C
C
Lem
na m
inor
duck
weed
677
Leuca
nth
em
um
vulg
are
O
xeye d
ais
y
281
Lila
eopsi
s occ
identa
lis
West
ern
lila
eopsi
s 213
Liliu
m c
olu
mbia
num
tiger
lily, Colu
mbia
lily
111
FC
C
Loliu
m p
ere
nne
Ryegra
ss
363
F
Lonic
era
invo
lucr
ata
Bla
ck t
win
berr
y
69
CO
NE
FF
FF
FF
Lupin
us
sp
lupin
194
F
Lyco
pus
uniflo
rus
bugle
weed
243
CC
FF
!#7
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Lysi
chiton a
merica
num
Skunk c
abbage
334
F
Lysi
mach
ia t
hyr
siflora
Tuft
ed loose
strife
321
F
Lyth
rum
salic
aria
purp
le loose
strife
318
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
Maia
nth
em
um
dila
tatu
m
fals
e lily
-of-
the-v
alle
y
103
CF
C
Malu
s fu
sca
Paci
fic
crab a
pple
48
CF
ON
EF
F
Malu
s sp
eci
es
Cra
bapple
xsp
s
F
Malu
s sp
eci
es
Dom
est
ic a
pple
sps
F
Melil
otu
s alb
a
white s
weet-
clover
199
Menth
a a
rvensi
s field
min
t
244
CF
FF
FF
Menth
a s
pic
ata
sp
earm
int
40
4
Mim
ulu
s gutt
atu
s m
onkey f
low
er
264
FC
Monti (
Cla
ytonia
) co
rdifolia
heart
leaved s
pring-
beauty
133
Monti (
Cla
ytonia
) parv
ifolia
st
ream
bank s
pring-
beauty
132
Monti (
Cla
ytonia
) si
biric
a
Min
ers
' le
ttuce
133
Myo
sotis
scorp
ioid
es
Mars
h f
org
et-
me-n
ot
240
Myr
ica g
ale
sw
eet
gale
81
FF
1F
F
Oenanth
e s
arm
ento
sa
Paci
fic
wate
r-pars
ley
216
C
FF
CF
C
Peta
site
s palm
atu
s Palm
ate
Coltsf
oot
294
F
Phala
ris
aru
ndin
ace
ae
reed c
anary
gra
ss
370
FC
DD
CCD
FF
CD
F
Phle
um
pra
tense
tim
oth
y
368
FF
Phys
oca
rpus
capitatu
s nin
ebark
73
F
F
F
Pic
ea s
itch
ensi
s Sitka s
pru
ce
37
D
F
Pla
nta
go lance
ola
ta
ribw
ort
, narr
ow
-leaved
pla
nta
in
329
F
FC
FF
!$9
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Pla
nta
go m
acr
oca
rpa
Ala
skan p
lanta
in
329
C
Pla
nta
go m
ajo
r co
mm
on, bro
ad-leaved
pla
nta
in
329
F
FF
Pla
nta
go m
aritim
a
seasi
de p
lanta
in
328
Pla
tanth
era
dila
tata
w
hite b
og o
rchid
122
FF
FC
Poa p
rate
nsi
s Kentu
cky b
luegra
ss
378
F
Poly
gonum
dougla
sii
Dougla
s' k
notw
eed
127
F
Poly
gonum
lapath
ifoliu
m
will
ow
eed
127
one
Poly
stic
hum
munitum
sw
ord
fern
421
ON
EC
Poly
gonum
pers
icaria
Lady’s
thum
b
127
FC
Populu
s tr
em
ulo
ides
Tre
mblin
g A
spen
46
Populu
s tr
ichoca
rpa
bla
ck c
ott
onw
ood
46
C
N
E
O
Pote
ntilla
paci
fica
Paci
fic
silv
er
weed
186
CC
CC
FC
CC
CC
C
Pru
nella
vulg
aris
self-h
eal
246
FC
FF
F
Pru
nus
em
arg
inata
Bitte
r ch
err
y
48
F
Pte
ridum
aquili
num
bra
cken
420
Ranuncu
lus
occ
identa
lis
west
ern
butt
erc
up
176
F?
F
Ranuncu
lus
repens
Cre
epin
g b
utt
erc
up
176
CF
CC
C
Rham
nus
purs
hia
na
casc
ara
90
F
F
Rib
es
lacu
stre
Bla
ck s
wam
p g
oose
ber
85
F
ry
Rib
es
sanguin
eum
Red f
low
ering c
urr
ent
84
F
F
Rosa
gym
noca
rpa
dw
arf
woodla
nd r
ose
74
F
Rosa
nootk
ana
Nootk
a r
ose
74
C
F
F
C
Rubus
dis
colo
r H
imala
yan b
lack
berr
y
78
CF
FF
C
!$8
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Rubus
laci
nia
tus
Everg
reen b
lack
berr
y
78
F
NE
F
O
Rubus
spect
abili
s sa
lmonberr
y
76
CF
FC
C
Rubus
urs
inus
traili
ng b
lack
berr
y
78
F
NE
C
O
Rum
ex
ace
tose
lla
Sheep s
ore
l
129
FF
Rum
ex
conglo
mera
tus
Clu
stere
d d
ock
130
F
Rum
ex
cris
pus
Curled d
ock
130
Rum
ex
occ
identa
lis
West
ern
dock
130
FF
FF
FF
CF
FC
Rum
ex
salic
ifoliu
s W
illow
dock
130
FC
Sagitta
ria latifo
lia
Wapato
or
arr
ow
head
337
F
Salix
luci
da
Paci
fic
will
ow
88
NE
O
Salix
sps
Will
ow
speci
es
88
FF
FF
Sam
bucu
s ca
eru
lea
Blu
e e
lderb
err
y
70
F
Sam
bucu
s ra
cem
osa
Red e
lderb
err
y
70
C
NE
F
F
O
Sci
rpus
am
erica
nus
Am
erica
n b
ulrush
405
Sci
rpus
lacu
stris
Hard
-ste
mm
ed b
ulrush
404
F
FF
Sci
rpus
mic
roca
rpus
Sm
all-
flow
ere
d b
ulrush
405
F
CC
C
Scu
tella
ria g
ale
ricu
lata
m
ars
h s
kullc
ap
243
FC
F
Sid
alc
ea h
enders
onii
mars
h h
olly
hock
318
FC
CC
CC
DC
C
Sis
yrin
chiu
m litto
rale
? blu
e-e
yed g
rass
114
Siu
m s
uave
W
ate
r pars
nip
215
Solig
ago c
anadensi
s G
old
enro
d
289
C
Sonch
us
asp
er
Prick
ly s
ow
this
tle
275
FF
FF
FC
CF
C
Sorb
us
scopulin
a
west
ern
mounta
in a
sh
71
FO
NE
FO
NE
!$"
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Speci
es
nam
e
Com
mon n
am
e
Are
a
Poja
r H
itch
1
Spru
ce
Cott
on
wood
2
Roadsi
de
3
Typha
Reed
canary
4
Care
x
lyngbei
5
Tid
al
Fla
ts
6
Reed
Canary
7
Impound
ment
zone
8
Typha
Reed
Canary
Ast
er
9
Blu
e
Join
t Ast
er
9A
Blu
e
Join
t M
icro
cl
imate
10
Tuft
ed
Hairgra
ss
11
Typha
Reed
canary
gra
ss
12
21
st
Str
eet
Sperg
ula
ria c
anadensi
s Canadia
n s
andsp
urr
y
136
Sperg
ula
ris
marina
Salt m
ars
h s
andsp
urr
y
136
Spirea d
ougla
sii
hard
hack
81
FF
FF
Sta
chys
coole
yae
Coole
y's
hedge n
ett
le
247
Sta
chys
mexi
cana
Mexic
an h
edge n
ett
le
247
FF
F
Str
epto
pus
am
ple
xsiflo
ius
clasp
ing t
wis
ted s
talk
101
CF
Sym
phorica
rpos
alb
us
Waxberr
y, sn
ow
berr
y
70
F
NE
O
Sym
ptu
m a
speru
m
Rough c
om
phre
y
39
8
Tanaxa
cum
vulg
are
Tansy
280
F
Tara
xacu
m o
ffic
inale
D
andelio
n
270
F
Telli
ma g
randiflo
ra
Fringecu
p
167
F
Thuja
plic
ata
W
est
ern
Red C
edar
42
F
Trienta
lis latifo
lia
West
ern
sta
rflo
wer
322
Trifo
lium
dubiu
m
small
hop c
lover
197
Trifo
lium
pra
tense
re
d c
lover
196
FF
CF
F
Trifo
lium
worm
skjo
ldii
springbank c
lover
197
F-C
F
Triglo
chin
maritim
um
se
a a
rrow
-gra
ss
334
FC
FF
CF
C
Typ
ha latifo
lia
Com
mon c
att
ail
338
FF
DF
CD
FF
D
Vic
ia c
racc
a
Tuft
ed v
etc
h
192
C
Vic
ia g
igante
a
gia
nt
vetc
h
193
!$#
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
Co
urt
ney
Riv
er E
stu
ary
Oct
ob
er 2
00
2
Pla
nt
com
mu
nit
ies
as
del
inea
ted
Au
gu
st 2
003
7
1
1
4
1
4
1
2
4
10
6
3
6
8
9
9
11
1
10
4
9a
5
>.8(9&!@X?!;0-$=!"#BB($.=.&%!*9#B!=F&!U-%=
!$$
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
!
1
2
9a
10
10
3
6
4
6
6
5
7
2
4
1
1
11
8
9 4
>.8(9&!@Z?!;0-$=!"#BB($.=.&%!*9#B!=F&!L&%=!
!$%
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
AP
PE
ND
IX 4
. N
AT
IVE
SP
EC
IES
PL
AN
TIN
GS
, 2
00
4
Air
pa
rk N
atu
rali
za
tio
n
21
st
Str
ee
t N
atu
rali
za
tio
n
Qu
an
tity
S
ize
Lati
n &
Co
mm
on
Nam
e
Qu
an
tity
Siz
e
Lati
n &
Co
mm
on
Nam
e
4 1
ga
l A
ce
r g
lab
rum
- D
ou
gla
s M
ap
le
41
ga
l A
ce
r circin
atu
m -
Vin
e M
aple
12
1 g
al
Am
ela
nch
ier
aln
ifo
lia -
Saska
toon
Be
rry
10
1g
al
Am
ela
nch
ier
aln
ifo
lia -
Saska
toon
Be
rry
2 1
ga
l A
rbu
tus m
enzie
sii
- A
rbu
tus
31
ga
l C
orn
us n
utt
alii
- W
este
rn F
low
eri
ng
Do
gw
ood
36
10
cm
A
rcto
sta
ph
ylo
s u
va
-urs
i -
Kin
nik
inn
ick
51
ga
l C
ory
lus c
orn
uta
- B
ea
ke
d H
aze
lnu
t
18
10
cm
B
als
am
orh
iza d
elto
ide
a -
De
lto
id B
als
am
roo
t 4
1g
al
Cra
tae
gus d
ou
gla
sii
- B
lack H
aw
thorn
6 1
ga
l C
orn
us n
utt
alli
- W
este
rn F
low
eri
ng
Do
gw
ood
6
1g
al
Ho
lod
iscus d
isco
lor
- O
ce
an
Sp
ray
12
1 g
al
Co
rnus s
tolo
nife
ra -
Re
d O
sie
r D
og
woo
d
54
10
cm
L
yth
yru
s ja
pon
icus -
Be
ach P
ea
1 1
ga
l C
ory
lus c
orn
uta
- B
ea
ke
d H
aze
lnu
t 6
1 g
al
Ma
nh
on
ia a
qu
ifo
lium
- T
all
Ore
gon
Gra
pe
5 2
ga
l C
ory
lus c
orn
uta
- B
ea
ke
d H
aze
lnu
t 1
01
ga
l O
em
leri
a c
era
sifo
rmis
- Ind
ian
Plu
m
24
1 g
al
Cra
tae
gus d
ou
gla
sii
- B
lack H
aw
thorn
4
1 g
al
Po
pu
lus tre
mu
loid
es -
Tre
mb
ling
Asp
en
12
1 g
al
Ely
mu
s m
olis
- D
un
e G
rass
61
ga
l P
hila
de
lph
us le
wis
ii -
Mock O
ran
ge
12
1 g
al
Ho
lod
iscus d
isco
lor
- O
ce
an
Sp
ray C
ream
bu
sh
1
2g
al
Qu
erc
us g
arr
ya
na
18
10
cm
L
ath
yru
s ja
pon
icus -
Be
ach P
ea
2
1 g
al
Rh
am
nus p
urs
hia
na
- C
asca
ra
6 1
ga
l L
on
ice
ra in
volu
cra
ta -
Bla
ck T
win
berr
y
41
ga
l R
hod
ode
ndro
n m
acro
ph
yllu
m -
Pa
cific
Rh
od
ode
ndro
n
6 1
ga
l M
ah
on
ia a
qu
ifo
lium
- T
all
Ore
go
n G
rape
6
1 g
al
Rib
es s
an
gu
ine
um
- R
ed
Flo
weri
ng
Cu
rra
nt
12
1 g
al
Ma
lus fusca
- P
acific
Cra
ba
pp
le
61
ga
l R
osa
gym
noca
rpa
- B
ald
hip
Rose
6 1
ga
l M
yrica
Ga
le -
Sw
ee
t G
ale
1
21
ga
l R
osa
pis
oca
rpa
- C
luste
red
Wild
Ro
se
6 1
ga
l O
em
leri
a c
era
sifo
rmis
- Ind
ian
Plu
m
41
ga
l R
ubu
s p
arv
iflo
rus -
Th
imb
leb
err
y
6 1
ga
l P
hila
de
lph
us le
wis
ii -
Mock O
ran
ge
2
1g
al
So
rbus s
itch
en
sis
- S
itka
Mo
un
tain
Ash
12
1 g
al
Ph
yso
ca
rpus c
ap
ita
tus -
Nin
eb
ark
2
1g
al
Sp
ira
ea
do
gla
sii
- H
ard
hack
6 R
CB
P
op
ulu
s tre
mu
loid
es -
Tre
mb
ling
Asp
en
61
ga
l S
ym
ph
oricarp
os m
olli
s -
Tra
ilin
g S
no
wbe
rry
0 1
ga
l P
run
us e
merg
ina
ta -
Bitte
r C
he
rry -
No
t A
va
ilab
le
61
ga
l S
ym
ph
oricarp
os a
lbus -
Sn
ow
be
rry
2 2
ga
l Q
ue
rcus g
arr
ya
na
- G
arr
y O
ak
14
9
To
tal P
lan
tin
gs
fo
r 2
1st S
tre
et
6 1
ga
l R
ha
mn
us p
urs
hia
na
- C
asca
ra
4 1
ga
l R
ibes s
an
gu
ine
um
- R
ed
Flo
weri
ng
Cu
rra
nt
6 1
ga
l R
osa
gym
noca
rpa
- B
ald
hip
Rose
12
1 g
al
Rosa
noo
tkan
a -
Noo
tka
Rose
!$&
CVN
S W
etland R
est
ora
tion P
roje
ct -
2004
E. Selle
ntin
12
1 g
al
Rosa
pis
oca
rpa
- C
luste
red
Wild
Ro
se
12
1 g
al
Ru
bu
s p
arv
iflo
rus -
Th
imb
leb
err
y
12
1 g
al
Ru
bu
s s
pecta
blis
- S
alm
on
Be
rry
12
1 g
al
Sa
lix s
ps
6 1
ga
l S
alix
lu
cid
a -
Pa
cific
Will
ow
6 1
ga
l S
am
bucus r
ace
mosa
- R
ed
Eld
erb
err
y
4 1
ga
l S
orb
is s
itch
en
sis
- S
itka
Mo
un
tain
Ash
4 1
ga
l S
pir
ea
do
ug
lasii
- H
ard
hack
6 1
ga
l S
ym
ph
oricarp
os a
lbus -
Sn
ow
be
rry
4 1
ga
l S
ym
ph
oricarp
os m
olli
s -
Tra
ilin
g S
no
wbe
rry
330
To
tal P
lan
tin
gs A
irp
ark
14
9
To
tal P
lan
tin
gs
21
st
Str
ee
t
479
To
tal
Pla
nti
ng
s f
or
2004
!$'
Courtenay River Estuary, Camas and Red Osier Dogwood in Bloom