Community Led Total Sanitation Community Led Total Sanitation Potentials and Challenges for Potentials and Challenges for
application in Urban areasapplication in Urban areas
What have we learnt about local What have we learnt about local empowerment and collective behaviour empowerment and collective behaviour change at the urban community level?change at the urban community level?
Dr. Kamal KarDr. Kamal Kar “ “Planning and Implementation of Sustainable Planning and Implementation of Sustainable
Sanitation in Urban /Semi-Urban settings -need for Sanitation in Urban /Semi-Urban settings -need for development of existing tools” Stockholm Environment development of existing tools” Stockholm Environment
Institute, Stockholm 25Institute, Stockholm 25thth-26-26thth August 2008 August 2008
Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ in Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ in tackling the problemstackling the problems
• Subsidize * Standardize *Prescribe * Top-down hygiene behaviour
teaching* Health as key motivator for hygiene behaviour change
• People don’t have latrines, so give them latrines
• People are poor & can’t afford toilets; so give them free or
subsidized latrines, prescribe latrine models that last long
• Rural/urban poor communities don’t know the implications of fecal-
oral contaminations; so teach them hygiene behaviour practices
• They are not interested to live clean life, so attract them in may
ways so that they use toilets and reward those who does that
Fate of free toilets in a slum of a Municipality Fate of free toilets in a slum of a Municipality town near Calcutta, India town near Calcutta, India
Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware- Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware- Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen
Who’s design for whom?
Fate of sanitation subsidy in YemenFate of sanitation subsidy in Yemen
Countries without basic toilets or Countries without basic toilets or with open defecation practicewith open defecation practice
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200
400
600
800
Mill
ions
What is Community – Led Total What is Community – Led Total Sanitation ?Sanitation ?
• They are total & involve/affect everyone in communities e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total freedom from hunger)
• Collective Community decision & collective local action are the keys
• Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance • They are locally decided and don't dependent on external
subsidies and prescriptions or pressures• Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions who
lead future collective initiatives• They often don’t follow externally determined mode of
development and blue print • Local diversity and innovations are main elements
Entry/ IgnitionPRA
Defecation area transect Defecation Mapping Flow diagram Calculation of faeces etc.
Community realization of
terrible impact of faecal-oral contamination
Self Empowered Committee formed
Identification of right
person in the community
How to get a latrine slab Registration
daily monitoring on map
Start pit latrine from
tomorrow
We do it first and stop open defecatio
n
10 H/H10 H/H
Spreading messages from the mosque
Each of us cover 10 families
Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
P. R. A.
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Land less don’t have place for defecation. Land owners often blame them for defecating in open. Landless poor (women specially) are the worst victims who want to come out of that humiliation.
Participatory Planning
Latrine owners can’t get rid of negative impacts as many others adding faces everywhere.
Spoiling environment by open defecation
Will form positive pressure groups from within to convince others for having latrine
Better off
Medium
Poor
Very poor
Moving towards 100% sanitised village
More yellow powder in places where there is more shit- Sierra Leone
CLTS involves the entire community in CLTS involves the entire community in collective action to end open defecation-collective action to end open defecation-
Kudappa district in AP, IndiaKudappa district in AP, India
Rural community in Mardan, NWFP, in Rural community in Mardan, NWFP, in Pakistan mapping defecation areas of Pakistan mapping defecation areas of
villagevillage
Worried faces after realising the sanitation Worried faces after realising the sanitation situationsituation
Communities on the Andes mountains of Communities on the Andes mountains of Bolivia in action to clean up their villagesBolivia in action to clean up their villages
Food and shit demonstration
Who is teaching and who is learning?
Open Defecation areas and household Open Defecation areas and household calculation of shit shown on a social mapcalculation of shit shown on a social map
Community of Sar Safar village in Arba Minch Community of Sar Safar village in Arba Minch town setting new example of CLTS in Ethiopiatown setting new example of CLTS in Ethiopia
Natural Leaders construct their toilets firstNatural Leaders construct their toilets first
Collective Collective local action local action began in all began in all households households immediatelimmediatel
y after y after triggering triggering of CLTSof CLTS
We all want to stop defecating in the open We all want to stop defecating in the open and we will accomplish it in one monthand we will accomplish it in one month
Women sharing plans of ending defecation in Women sharing plans of ending defecation in buckets at home & emptying them in the open at buckets at home & emptying them in the open at
night- NWFP, Pakistannight- NWFP, Pakistan
Distinct example of social solidarity- rich of village Distinct example of social solidarity- rich of village declaring help for all to achieve ODF statusdeclaring help for all to achieve ODF status
Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all local innovation. Whose idea? local innovation. Whose idea?
We have constructed this and we all use it. We have constructed this and we all use it. Whose ideas are appropriate? Who can scale-Whose ideas are appropriate? Who can scale-
up faster? up faster?
Plastic pans are available in the shops of remote Plastic pans are available in the shops of remote villages in Bangladesh wherever CLTS is in progress.villages in Bangladesh wherever CLTS is in progress.
Private sector participation has boosted up 100% total sanitation remarkably.
From rain water harvesting jars to making san-plates From rain water harvesting jars to making san-plates in Kampung Spu, Cambodia. Who is responding to in Kampung Spu, Cambodia. Who is responding to
who’s demand? Could they be equal partners of who’s demand? Could they be equal partners of developing strategies of sanitation marketing?developing strategies of sanitation marketing?
Local dealer of sanitary hard ware displaying different models of Local dealer of sanitary hard ware displaying different models of sanitary toilets that suits different pockets, PLAN Bangladesh sanitary toilets that suits different pockets, PLAN Bangladesh
promotes CLTS without subsidy. promotes CLTS without subsidy.
•
Mr. Sinoeun, Deputy Chief of Commune Council takes the pride of Mr. Sinoeun, Deputy Chief of Commune Council takes the pride of showing locally innovated toilets to outsiders- Kampong Chhnangshowing locally innovated toilets to outsiders- Kampong Chhnang
Local Community InnovationLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani in Kalyani
Local Community Innovation in KalyaniLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani
Local Community Innovation in KalyaniLocal Community Innovation in Kalyani
Signboard declaring Open Defecation-Free, Signboard declaring Open Defecation-Free, Para Vidyasagar Colony, Kalyani Para Vidyasagar Colony, Kalyani
Municipality, West Bengal Municipality, West Bengal
Stop Open
DefecationAll 213 H/H
Repair platform of all 69
hand tube wells
Clean up garbage and Repair Road
Clean up drain
In 5 monthsten slums covering more than 800 H/Hs have stopped OD by constructing toilets mobilizing more money than what KUSP could offer as subsidy
Beyond ODF! Neat and clean roads maintained by Beyond ODF! Neat and clean roads maintained by ODF communities (Lumajang, East Java and ODF communities (Lumajang, East Java and
Kampung Spu in Cambodia)Kampung Spu in Cambodia)
Do we have patience to allow communities to Do we have patience to allow communities to gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder? gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder?
Open defecationO
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1
Pour flush latrine
Latrines with plastic pan and water seal
Offset Pit latrines
Simple Pit Latrines
San
itation b
ehaviors ch
anges as com
mu
nity
moves u
p th
e ladd
er
What have we learnt? What have we learnt?
• CLTS in urban slums is possible only when there is political will
• Urban poor live in far more deplorable condition of sanitation and hygiene than rural poor
• Pace of ‘Rural-Urban’ migration is alarming. It increases as livelihoods in rural areas get more and more unsecured
• Most governments don’t want to invest or extend services to unauthorized slums
• Millions of urban poor live in illegal or unauthorized slums & shanties with constant threat of eviction
What have we learnt?What have we learnt?
• Politicians use urban poor slum dwellers as puns & vote bank for their vested political interest
• Urban poor in some city slums don’t have voting rights, hence councilors have no interest for such poor communities (Mymensing, Bangladesh)
• Settlement rights is the priority of urban poor • Urban poor are interested to live clean life who
hesitate to invest on sanitation for fear of eviction• Urban poor living along railway tracks, waste land,
garbage dumping areas have no access to water, electricity and sanitation facilities
What have we learnt?What have we learnt?
• Urban poor in big city slums live in very small cubicles as tenants where house owners have no interest to create sanitation facilities
• When water, sanitation, lanes and infrastructure improves, the poor are pushed out as the price of the land shoots up
• Allurement of a few free toilets disempowers the entire community who continue to live in filth and pay constant price on health
• Loss of livelihoods of urban poor due to diarrhea and other enteric diseases is very common
What had been our learning from rural CLTS What had been our learning from rural CLTS so far?so far?
• Spontaneous initiation of collective local action towards achieving ODF is possible by the urban poor
• Ignited communities put their acts together to stop OD without waiting for external help and support
• Households irrespective of well being categories go all out in adopting latrines of their own choices using all available resources and markets
• Rich and poor unites together to collectively achieve the ‘public-good’-ODF. Social solidarity is always in abundance in CLTS triggered communities
What motivated communities to plan and act What motivated communities to plan and act collectively towards OD?collectively towards OD?
• Disgust, shame, fear and self-respect shakes communities and push them towards achieving ODF status as soon as possible.
• The basic assumption on which CLTS stands is that ‘every human being has self- respect, dignity and wouldn’t agree to ingest each other’s shit’ after knowing it.
• Toilets could be built at such low cost using locally available materials as a starting point to hygiene behaviour change
• Slight encouragement from the elected people’s representatives can make a big difference in uniting urban communities
What are the special learning from What are the special learning from urban CLTS?urban CLTS?
• Pro-poor strategies for urban slums must be developed if access to sanitation by the urban poor has to improve
• Politicians and government must work together to resolve the issues of urban poor
• Institutionalized corruption poses serious bottleneck in spread and scaling up of urban CLTS
•
Overall Lessons Learned Overall Lessons Learned
CLTS entails a shift of paradigm and change of power relations• From teaching to facilitating• From engineering designs to local designs• From targets and counting latrines to counting
communities ODF• From big budgets and pressures to disburse to
adequate budgets• From us helping the poor to communities taking
responsibility• From us being sensitive to taboos to communities
handling them• From sanitised words to the crude ones – faeces
are SHIT!
Overall Lessons LearnedOverall Lessons Learned
• Post-triggering follow-up with support and encouragement is vital
• If no ODF villages emerge quickly after triggering, it is not good CLTS
• Verification of ODF status must be honest and done well
• Rewards for achieving ODF status lead to false declarations
• Beware misuse of the CLTS label, and confusion with total sanitation campaigns
What have we learnt? What have we learnt? • We need to change – personally, professionally,
institutionally• No individual household hardware subsidy in rural
areas (markets, schools, urban can be different)• Enough money but not too much• Natural Leaders are a wonderful resource for
spreading CLTS• Train facilitators and trainers hands-on with
communities. Mentor and support them. Beware of consultants who screw things up!
• Good trainers and facilitators are special people. Not all can do it
What do we need to do? What do we need to do?
• Help sceptics to experience CLTS, seeing it in action• Don’t rush to scale. The number of good facilitators
and capacity for follow-up must determine speed. Go to scale steadily with quality
• Seek critical and honest feedback e.g. learning workshops (Ethiopia)
• Network, share experience (Regional Learning Centres proposed in Ethiopia and Nigeria). IDS website…..let’s have more
• Keep the core elements of CLTS and innovate and adapt
CLTS is challenging, fulfilling and fun
BOLIVIABOLIVIA
SIERRA LEONESIERRA LEONE NIGERIANIGERIA
UGANDAUGANDA
ZAMBIAZAMBIAMALAWIMALAWI
KENYAKENYA
ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA
YEMENYEMEN
TANZANIATANZANIA
NEPALNEPALPAKISTANPAKISTAN
INDIAINDIA
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
CAMBODIACAMBODIA
INDONESIAINDONESIA
EAST TIMOREAST TIMOR
Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS Global Spread of CLTS
AfghanistanAfghanistan
EGYPTEGYPT
To find out more about CLTS,
visit
http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/CLTS.html where you canRead about the CLTS in practiseSee lessons from around the worldDownload key background documents; ‘Subsidy or Self Respect?’ and “how to” guides, including the Handbook on CLTSContribute your own lessons, experiences and materials on CLTS For more information and to join the CLTS mailing list, email [email protected]