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AP Biology
Community Ecology
population
ecosystem
community
biosphere
organism
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AP Biology
Community Ecology
Community
all the organisms that live together in a place interactions
Community Ecology
study of interactions among all populations in a common environment
To answer:
In what way do the
populations interact?
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AP Biology Fundamental
niches Realized niches
High tide
Low tide
Species 1
Species 2
Niche An organism’s niche is its ecological role
habitat = address vs. niche = job
Competitive Exclusion
If Species 2 is removed,
then Species 1 will occupy
whole tidal zone. But at
lower depths Species 2
out-competes Species 1,
excluding it from its
potential (fundamental)
niche.
Chthamalus sp.
Semibalanus sp.
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AP Biology
Niche & competition
Competitive Exclusion
No two similar species can occupy the
same niche at the same time
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AP Biology
Resource partitioning
Reduce competition through microhabitats
“the ghost of
competition past”
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AP Biology
Interspecific interactions
Symbiotic interactions
competition (-/-)
compete for limited resource
competitive exclusion!
predation / parasitism (-/+)
mutualism (+/+)
lichens (algae & fungus)
commensalism (+/0)
barnacles attached
to whale
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AP Biology
commensalism
predation competition
Symbiosis mutualism
…not very funny for a clown fish
+/0
+/+
+/- -/-
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AP Biology
What relationship is this?
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AP Biology
Predation drives evolution Predators adaptations
locate & subdue prey
Prey adaptations
elude & defend
spines, thorns, toxins
horns, speed, coloration
Predation provides
a strong selection
pressure on both
prey & predator
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AP Biology
Anti-predator adaptations
Hide from predators
avoid detection
camouflage
Warn predators
advertise how undesirable
you are as prey
aposematic coloration
apo = away & sematic = sign/meaning
Batesian mimicry
Mullerian mimicry
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AP Biology
Defense mechanisms
Camouflage
cryptic coloration
whipporwill
lizard
toad lizard
frog
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AP Biology
Mimicry palatable or harmless species mimics a harmful model
Hawkmoth larva puffs up to
look like poisonous snake
Batesian mimicry
hawkmoth larvae
green parrot snake
Convergent evolution
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AP Biology
Batesian mimicry
Monarch male
poisonous
Convergent evolution
fly bee moth bee
Which is the fly vs. the bee? Which is the moth vs. the bee?
Viceroy male
edible
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AP Biology
Mullerian mimicry
yellow jacket
cuckoo bee
two or more protected
species look like each other
- group defense?
- predators may evolve innate avoidance Mullerian mimicry
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AP Biology
Common warning coloration
Aposematic species come to resemble each other
black, red, orange & yellow
means: DON’T EAT ME!
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AP Biology
What kind of mimicry?
Coral snake
is poisonous King snake is not
Red on yellow, poison fellow;
red on black, safe from attack
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AP Biology
Coevolution in Community
Predator-prey relationships
Parasite-host relationships
Flowers & pollinators
Long term evolutionary adjustments between species
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AP Biology
Characterizing a community
Community structure
species diversity
how many different species
composition
dominant species
most abundant species
or highest biomass
(total weight)
keystone species
changes over time
succession
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AP Biology
Species diversity
greater diversity = greater stability
Greater biodiversity offers:
more food resources
more habitats
more resilience in face of environmental change
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AP Biology
suburban lawn agricultural
“monoculture”
The impact of reduced biodiversity
“old field”
compare these communities
Irish potato famine
1970 US corn crop failure
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AP Biology
Influential ecological role
exert important
regulating effect
on other species
in community
keystone
species
increases
diversity
in habitat
Keystone species Pisaster ochraceous
Sea star
diversity decreases
mussels out-compete
other species
diversity increases
Washington coast
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AP Biology
Keystone species
Sea otter is a
keystone
predator in
North Pacific
What is the
impact of the
Orca whale?
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AP Biology
Keystone species
Beaver is a
keystone species in
Northeast & West
dams transform flowing streams into ponds creating new habitat
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AP Biology
Ecological succession
Sequence of community changes
transition in species composition over time
years or decades
usually after a disturbance
Mt. St. Helens
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AP Biology
Primary succession
Begins with virtually lifeless area without soil, then…
bacteria
lichens & mosses
grasses
shrubs
trees
make
soil {
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AP Biology
Secondary succession
Existing community cleared,
but base soil is still intact
burning releases
nutrients formerly
locked up in the
tissues of tree
the disturbance
starts the process
of succession
over again
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AP Biology
Succession of species
lichens & mosses grasses
trees bushes & small trees
pioneer species
climax forest
compete well in high sunlight
more shade tolerant species
shade tolerant species
stable community
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AP Biology
What causes succession?
Tolerance
early species are weedy r-selected
tolerant of harsh conditions
Facilitation & Inhibition
early species facilitate habitat changes change soil pH
change soil fertility
change light levels
allows other species to out-compete
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AP Biology
Climax forest
Plant community dominated by trees
Representing final stage of natural
succession for specific location
stable plant community
remains essentially unchanged in species
composition as long as site remains undisturbed
birch, beech, maple,
hemlock
oak, hickory, pine
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AP Biology
Climax forest
solar energy levels
temperature
rainfall
fertility & depth of soil
The species mix of
climax forest is
dependent on the
abiotic factors of
the region
temperate deciduous forest
birch, beech, maple, hemlock
taiga
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AP Biology
Disturbances as natural cycle Disturbances are often necessary for
community development & survival
- release nutrients
- increases biodiversity
- increases habitats
- rejuvenates community
fire climax forests
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AP Biology
Fire climax species Jack Pine
adaptations to survive
and reproduce in areas
than experience
frequent fires
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AP Biology
When people don’t learn ecology!
Building homes in fire climax zones
preventing fires makes next year’s fire much worse!
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Don’t blow
your top!
Ask
Questions!