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Oxfam is working to build a wider institutional culture
for disaster management, community preparedness and
disaster response. With key emphasis on capacity
building and community participation, the programme
includes disaster preparedness and response training at
community and institutional levels, as well as mitigation
activities to limit the effects of drought and ood on food
security. The programme has also established effective
working relations with a number of different organisations
including government bodies, local and international
NGOs.
GgkarGukhVam(Oxfam)kMBugeFIVkaredIm,Iksagvb,FmsMrab;karRKb;RKg eRKaHmhnray karRbugeRbobrbs;shKmnnigkareqIytbcMeBaHeRKaHmhnray. CamYykarkt;smal;dsMxan;elIkarksagsmtPaB nigkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_kmviFrYmman karbNHbNal sIBIkarRbugeRboberobcMnigkareqIytbcMeBaHeRKaHmhnray enAfak;shKmn_nigfak;sabn kdUcCaskmPaB kat;bnynananwgkMNt;nUvplb:HBal;neRKaHraMgst nigTwkCMnn;elIIsuvtiPaBes,og. kmviFIenH k)an begIteLIgpgEdrnUvTMnak;TMngkargarRbkbedayRbsiTiPaBCamYyGgkarepSgmYycMnYn rYmmansabn rdaPi)alGgkareRkArdaPi)alkgRsuk nig GnrCati.
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Acknowledgement
We would like to give special thanks to the
Royal Cambodian Govenrment, the NationalCommittee for Disaster Management as well
as its Provincial and District agencies, and to
our implementing partner NGOs Chamroen
Chiet Khmer (CCK), Kratie Womens Welfare
Association (KWWA), National Prosperity
Association (NAPA), and Partnership for
Development in Kampuchea (PADEK).
Content
Oxfams Disaster Prevention in Cambodia
Disaster Risk Reduction programme
Disasters Affecting Cambodia
Irregular Disasters Caused by Climate Change
Change Affecting Agriculture
Livelihoods and Natural Disasters
Pilot Project : Tako Province
Cambodia, a Land of many Widows
Pilot Project : Tako Province
Working in the Most Affected Districts
How community-based disaster management was
implemented in TakoWhat the Community Wanted
Total Distribution 2003 2006
The Community: A Pillar of Strength
How We Work
How CBDRM is Implemented in Tako
Accountability to Beneciaries, Stakeholders and
Donors
Gender Equality and Disaster Preparedness
Scaling Up
Not Giving Up on Dry LandApproach and Rationale
Drought Programme
Flood Programme
Future Plans
A Brief History of Oxfam International in Cambodia
Oxfam afliates and partners working in DRR in Cambodia
Written by: Tul Pinkaew, Amy GlassEdited by: Amy GlassDesigned by: Dow PunpiputtPhoto credits: Jim Holmes/Oxfam (P.5,7,8,10,18,20,27,28,36,37,38), Tul Pinkaew (Cover page, P.11,12,16,17,32), Howard Davies/Oxfam (P.8,29,37), Gavirel Langford (P.28,29), HANet (P.26)
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Disaster Risk Reduction programmekmviFIkat;bnyeRKaHmhnray
Oxfam is working to build a wider institutional culture for
disaster management, community preparedness and
disaster response. The key emphasis is on capacity build-
ing and community participation, disaster preparedness
and response training at community and institutional
levels, and mitigation activities to limit the effects of drought
and ood on food security.
In June 1999 the Oxfam International alliance made up of
eight Oxfam afliates implemented a Disaster Risk Reduc-
tion programme in Cambodia. The purpose was to develop
the organisations emergency preparedness and responseas well as support local stakeholders in responding to
emergencies and natural disasters at the national level.
The programme started its rst project in 2003 in Tako
province with the emphasis on community-based disaster
preparedness and mitigation.
GgkarGuksVam kMBugeFIVkaredIm,Iksagvb,Fmcat;taMgdTUlMTUlay
mYysMrab;karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray kareRtombgar nigkareqIytbcMeBaHeRKaHmnray rbs;shKmn_ . kMNt;smal;dsMxan;KWelIkarksagsmtPaBnigkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_karbNHbNalsIBIkarkarBarnigkareqIytbcMeBaHeRKaHmhnrayenAkMritshKmn_nigsabn nigskmPaBkat;bnynana edIm,IkMNt;nUvplb:HBal;neRKaHraMg nigTwkCMnn; elIIsuvtiPaBes,og .
enAExmifuna qaM 1999 sm
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Disasters Affecting CambodiaeRKaHmhnrayeFIV[b:HBal;dl;km
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Flash ooding usually occurs as a result of intense localised
rainfall during slow moving storms. Flooding of any kind
affects water purity and increases the chances of diseases
among people and livestock, as well as destroying crops,
homes and buildings.
karCn;licmYyePtCaFmtaEtgEtekIteLIgedaysarEtlTplnePgFak;pndxaMgkgkMLgeBlmanBHmanel,nyWt . karCn;licRbePTNamYykeday EtgEtb:HBal;dl;PaBsatnTwknigbegIn[mancrnCMgWnanakgcMeNamRbCaCn nigstVBahnkdUcCakarbMpajnUvdMNaM pHsEm,g nig GaKarpgEdr .
Erosion
karhUreRcaHErosion is a secondary effect of ooding and hence is a
common problem along the banks of the Mekong and the
lower reaches of the Tonle Sap. Land, which has been
cleared of riparian vegetation, is especially vulnerable as
cleared land is not protected and is therefore easily eroded
by the added impact of rainfall.
Erosion causes signicant economic losses and exacer-
bates vulnerability by reducing the fertility of the land,
often in prime agricultural areas. Another serious effect of
erosion is the siltation of the Tonle Sap, which is becoming
increasingly shallow.
karhUreRcaHKWCaplb:HBal;bnab;bnSMmYynkarCn;licehIyehtudUecHKWCabBaarYmtambeNayRcaMgTenemKg nigtMbn;TMnabnTensab .dIEdlRtUv)aneKsMGatrukCatinanaenAtammat;Ten CaBiessgayTTYlplb:HBal; xNeBldIEdlRtUv)aneKsMGatminmanGVIkarBar ehIyehtudUecH gaynwgTTYlrgkarhUreRcaH edaysarEt\TiBlpnnkarFak;TwkePg .
karhUreRcaHbNal[mankar)at;bg;esdkicdxan; nigPaBgayrge
RKaHdFn;Fredaykarkat;bnyCIvCatidI Cajwkjab;enAtMbn;ksikmcm,g . plb:HBal;nkarhUreRcaHdFn;FrmYyepSgeTot KWkarhUrcUldIl,ab;eTAkgTensabEdleFIV[kan;Etrak;eTA .
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The natural patterns of drought and ood, although unpreventable, have always been relatively predictable. However,
during the past two decades, the seasonal cycle has been altered and exacerbated by man-made interventions, from
unsustainable logging and large dams construction along the Mekong River.
Irregular Disasters Caused by Climate ChangeeRKaHmhnraydTeTot bNaledaykarERbRbYlGakasFatu
A significant shifthas now been notedbetween summer and winter rains, causing problems for
farmers. Prolonged dry spells have had a negative effect
on agriculture and changed the salinity of watercourses,
damaging aquaculture.
During the past decade there seems to be a steady decline
in annual rainfall totals, increasing the risk of droughts.
At the same time, there have been increased numbers of
intense rainstorms.
EM_DAT1
Disaster Prole for Cambodia
Flood
Flood
Famine
Flood
Famine
Famine
Flood
Flood
Flood
Drought
Flood
Drought
1991
1994
1995
1996
1996
1998
2000
2001
2002
2002
2005
2005
DisasterAffected
YearKilled
Number of People
100
506
-
59
-
-
347
56
29
-
16
-
900,000
-
2,500,000
1,310,000
2,500,000
900,000
3,448,053
1,669,182
1,470,000
650,000
-
600,000
In 2000, flooding in Cambodia wasreported to be the worst in 40 years.More than 350 people died and 3.2 million were affected.
Two years later (2002) a serious drought damaged 62,702
hectares of rice plantations affecting more than 2 million
people in eight provinces.
The Asia Conference on Disaster Reduction in February
2004 acknowledged that the rise in average temperatures
caused by global-warming, would potentially result in an
increasingly short cycle of ood and drought in Cambodia.
The current cycle that has persisted since 2000.
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tamlMnaMFmCatirbs;eRKaHraMg nigTwkCMnn; eTaHbICaminGackarBar)ankeday kEtgEtGacBakrN_)anEdr . eTaHbIy:agNakeday kgkMLgeBlBIrTsvtSr_mkenH karryevlanrdUv)anERbRbYl nigkan;Et redaysarEtTegVInanarbs;mnusSCatitamrykarkab;eQIedayKannirnrPaB nigkarksagTMnb;FMtambeNayTenemKg.
\LvenH karERbRbYldsMxan;mYyRtUv)aneKkt;cMNaM rvagePgrdUvekAnigrdUvrgar edaybNal[manbBaananadl;ksikr .ryeBlraMg Edl)anGUsbnayeBlyUr)anCH\TiBlCaGviCmandl;ksikm nig)aneFIV[ERbRbYlnUvPaBRbnpvTwknanaedaykarbMpajnUvClvb,km.
kgkMLgTsvtSr_kngmkenH TMngdUcCamankarfycuHCaRbcaMnUv
cMnYnsrubnTwkePgRbcaMqaM edayekIneLIgnUveRKaHraMgsteTAvij .CamYyKaenHEdrkmankarekIneLIgnUvBHePgdFn;FrmYycMnYn .
enAqaM 2000 karCn;licenA kgRbeTskm2 lannak;)anTTYlrgplb:HBal; . BIrqaMeRkaymkeTot (2002) eRKaHraMg d rmY y )anbMpajnUvdIERscMnYn 62>702 hicta edayb:HBal;RbCaCncMnYnCag 2lannak;enAkgextcMnYn8 .
enAkgExkum qaM 2004 snisiTGasIusIBIkarkat;bnyeRKaHmhnray)anTTYlsal;fa karekIneLIgenAsIutuNPaBCamFmEdlbNaledaykMedAEpndI nwgbNal[ryevlaneRKaHTwkCMnn;nigraMg kan;EtxIeTARbkbedayskdanuBlenAkgRbeTskm
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The Cambodian climate is governed by two seasons, dry
and wet. People living in non-ooded areas cultivate rice
during the wet season from MayOctober when there is
substantial amount of rain. Those living in the ooded
basins, in turn, cultivate rice during dry season in the
months after the ood had resided.
The seasonal shift, however, has caused irregularly dry
patches during the wet season occurring over long periods
of time. When there is no rain for 20 days or more before,
during and after the planting season, the paddy elds dryout and without proper irrigation the rice plants die.
Flooding of the Mekong has become increasingly dra-
matic in recent years. The oods are more prolonged
in many parts of the country which remain submerged
under water for as much as six months. Schools are
closed and people cannot grow crops and have to
resort to shing as an alternative.
Change Affecting AgriculturekarERbRbYlb:HBal;dl;ksikm
GakasFatukm
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People Rely On Agriculture
Agriculture plays the most important role in the economy
and society of Cambodia. It accounts for about 45% of the
countrys GDP and 70% of its labour force. Over 85% of
the population live in the countryside. Though Cambodias
natural conditions allow for year-round cultivation of many
kinds of crops, rice production accounts for 89% of agricul-
tural undertakings. Traditionally, a single rain-fed crop is
planted per year.
RbCaCnBwkEpkelIksikm
ksikmedIrtYnaTIdsMxan;bMputenAkgesdkicnigsgmrbs;RbeTskmtmkenARtwm 200-700 K>k . cMnYnenHvaminRKb;RKan;sMrab;RKYsarmYyedIm,Ibnrs;)aneT .
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Because of the fertility of the soil, the areas around the
Tonle Sap (literally translated as the fresh water lake)
and along the Mekong River are considered the countrys
rice baskets. Rice production, however, remains family-
based subsistence farming, relying principally on family
labour and, as such has low capital and technological
inputs. The average landholding per farmer is estimated
at 2-3 hectares, with 70% used for wet-rice cultivation.
In addition to low access to fertiliser and appropriate seeds,
water shortage, and innovative technologies, the small-
ness of the paddy size accounts partly for the relatively low
average yield of 1-1.5 tons per hectare. In managed
conditions, the average yield can reach 3 tons per hectare.
Poverty and Vulnerability to
Disasters
Cambodias high level of poverty compounds the risks for
the most vulnerable. Few can afford to build up reserves
of food, cash savings and other coping mitigation mecha-
nisms.
High levels of debt, most often incurred to meet health
emergencies, reduce the ability to mobilise during a dis-
aster, and recover afterwards. Interest rates are high
and relief measures are sometimes diverted to pay
creditors.
Poverty is also a source of malnutrition. People suffering
from malnutrition often do not have the physical reserves
of strength or immunity to cope with the secondary effects of
water-borne diseases.
edaysarEtPaBsMbUrCIvCatindItMbn;nanaenACMuvijTensab tamnynBakRtUv)aneKbkERbfaCa nigtambeNayTeneKgRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaCRgukRsUvrbs;RbeTs . eTaHy:agNakeday plitkmRsUvenAEtCarbrksikmlkNRKYsar edayBwkEpkCaeKalkarN_
EtelIkmaMgBlkmRKYsar ehIyehtudUecH manplTun nig TinplEbbbeckviTaTab . karRKb;RKgdICamFmkgksikrmak; manRb-maN 2-3 h>t edayman 70 PaKry RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IkardaMduHRsUvrdUvvsSa . bEnmBIelIkarTTYl)andtictYcnUvCIrnigBUCRsUvdsmRsb karxVHTwk nig beckviTaEbbqRbDit cMnYntictYcnTMhMdIERs CaEpkmYybNal[manTinplCamFmTabedayTTYl)anRbmaN 1-1>5 etan kg 1 h>t . eyageTAtamlkxNEdlTTYlkarRKb;RKgnana dIERsCamFmGacTTYl)an 3etankg 1 h>t .
PaBRkIRk nig PaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHeRKaHmhnray
kMritdx
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Pilot Project : Tako ProvinceKMeragsakl,g exttaEkv
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Cambodia, a Land of many WidowsOxfams work improving the lives of those living in Tako provinceRbeTskm TwkdIEdlmanRsIemm:ayeRcIn
kargarrbs;GgkarGuksVam KWkarEklMGCIvitrs;enArbs;Gkrs;enAkgexttaEkvLife for Ouch Bopha, a single mother of seven, has always
been difcult to predict with any reasonable degree of
accuracy. Like many Cambodian women who lost their
husbands during the fall out of the Khmer Rouge regime,
Mrs Bopha has had to take sole responsibility of her
family.
After the ghting stopped in 1998, a large population of
men had been killed and thousands of Cambodian women,
particularly widows, found themselves as the head of the
household, a role which they were traditionally not accus-
tomed to.
Mrs Bopha, 47, was widowed when her husband, a soldier,
was killed during ghting in the Khmer Rouge controlled
areas. Mrs Bopha and her teenage son, Chea, have had
to work the elds and grow rice to keep aoat the family
without the support of another adult.
Chey Chok district, in Tako province, where Mrs Bopha
and her children live, is located on the lower Mekong Delta,
a usually ooded plain where rice cultivation can only be
done within a few months of the year, when the land is not
submerged. People resort to shing and collecting waterplants, such as Morning Glory, to make ends meet.
We (my son and I) do not have a man to help us plow the
s o i l and clear the land in time to plant enough
rice for consumption let alone sell
during the short period of time,
said Mrs Bopha.
When it oods, I have to spend
most of the time taking apart
the bamboo oor of my home
and raising it to cope with the in-creasing water level so I have
no time to nd food or
go shing, said
Mrs Bopha.
Mrs Bopha said
that in 2000
and 2001 her family could not grow rice at all because of
the unprecedented amount of ood, which she said no one
had experienced before.
In 2003 Oxfam implemented a community-based disaster
risk management programme in 13 of the most remote
and vulnerable villages in Tako province with the aim to
minimise the impact of natural disasters on the food
security and livelihoods of women and men in these areas.
Through its local partner - Chamroen Chiet Khmer (CCK)
Oxfam provided training and capacity building on oodpreparedness, hygiene and gender sensitive issues to
a Village Committee for Disaster Management (VCDM)
which in turn transfers the information to the community.
The VCDM, through a transparent selection process, also
provided boats, shing nets and repaired homes to those
families who needed the assistance most.
Oxfam repaired Mrs Bophas home as well as raised
her homestead to avoid the oods. Her family was also
provided a boat and some shing nets. Now, I dont have
to worry about xing the house anymore. I have time to shespecially with a boat I can catch more sh to eat as well
as sell, she said.
During the oods, Mrs Bopha now also goes out every-
day on her boat to collect morning glory to sell across the
Vietnamese boarder.
My son cuts the stems and collects the morning glory
while I do the paddling. We have to nish before midday
in order to make it cross the Vietnamese border and back
before the strong winds come in the evening but it is worth
doing it, she said.
Mrs Bopha is able to earn around 20,000 riel or ve US
dollars by selling the water plant. The boat has helped
the communities tremendously. By selling sh and morn-
ing glory alone, people who are part of the programme are
earning enough money to nally be able to reclaim their
lives, said Un Sokrit, Oxfams Flood Programme Ofcer.
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CIvitrbs;elakRsIGYc bu)a EdlCamatamYyrUbmankUn 7 nak; EtgEtCYbRbTHnUvkarlM)ak;Canickgkar)a:n;RbmaNnUvkMritntMrUvkardCak;lak;smehtuNamYyenaH . dUcRsIkm
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Pilot Project : Tako Province
KMeragsakl,g exttaEkv
Although it might be difficult foranyone to deter the floods or askfor rain in the paddy fields of thedrought-prone areas, it is, however,possible to reduce the lossesthrough preparedness.
Under the 1999 Disaster Risk Reduction programme,Oxfam in 2003 initiated its rst Community-Based
Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) Project in Tako forming
a systematic framework in coping with adversity.
eTaHbICavamankarBi)aksMrab;mnusSral;KaedIm,ITb;Tl;TwkCMnn;bsUmTwkePgsMrab;ERsenAtMbn;EdleBareBjedayeRKaHraMgstya:gNakedaykvaGacnwgkat;bnynUvkar)at;bg;nanatamrykarkarBar .
eRkamkmviFIkat;bnyeRKaHmhnrayqaM 1999 enAqaM 2003GgkarGuksVam)anpcepImnUvKMeragkat;bny eRKaHmhnrayfak;
shKmn_(CBDRR) CaelIkdMbUgrbs;xnenAexttaEkvedaykarbegItnUvRkbxN tamlkNHRbBnmYykgkarTb;Tl;CamYyehtukarN_GaRkk;nana .
tamryGgkardKUrbs;xn eQaHcMerInCnCatiExr(CCK) GgkarGuksVam)anpl;karbNHbNalnigkarksagsmtPaBsIBIkarkarBarTwkCMnn; bBaaGnamy nigbBaayl;dwgTak;TgEynDrdl;KNkmaFikarPUmiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray (VCDM) EdlnwgeprbnnUvcMeNHdwgenHdl;shKmn_.
tamrydMeNIrkareRCIserIsRbkbedaytmaPaBmYy KNkmaFikarVCDM enHk)anpl;nUvTUk mg nig)anCYy CYsCulpHdl;RKYsarEdlRtUvkarCMnYybMput .
GgkarGuksVam)anCYyCYsCulpHrbs;elakRsIbu)akdUcCa)anCYyRkIbpHrbs;elakRsIeLIg edIm,I[putBITwkCMnn; . RKYsarrbs;elakRsI kRtUv)anGgkarpl;CUnTUk nig mgmYycMnYypgEdr .elakRsI)anmanRbsasn_fa \LvenH mincaM)ac;RBYyBIkarCYsCul
pHteTAeToteT . maneBlevlaedIm,IrkRtI CaBiessCamYyTUkmYyGacrkRtI)aneRcIn edIm,ITTYlTan kdUcCasMrab;lk;pgEdr .
\LvenH kgkMLgeBlTwkCMnn; elakRsIbu)akecjTUkrbs;elakRsICaerogral; edIm,IebHRtkYnykeTAlk;enARBMEdnevotNam .
elakRsI)anmanRbsasn_fa kUnRbusrbs;nagkab;eQI nigebHRtkYnxNeBlenaHnagGMuTUk . eyIgRtUvEt bBab;enAmun Rtg;edIm,IykeTAlk;enARBMEdnevotNamehIyRtUvRtLb;mkvijmunxl;xaMgmkdl;naeBllac b:uEnvaBi)aknwgeFIVNas; .
elakRsIbu)aGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRbEhl 20>000 erol b R)aMdularGaemrik edaysarkarlk;nUvrukCatiEdlduHkgTwk . elak GunsuRkit mRnIkmviFIes,grbs;GuksVam)anmanRbsasn_fa TUk)anCYyshKmn_y:ageRcIn . edaykarlk;RtInigedImRtkYnEtmYymuxRbCaCnEdlCaEpknkmviFIenHGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRKb;RKan;edIm,IbnCIvitrs;enArbs;BYkeK .
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Tako Province BordersTako is a province bordering Vietnam to the south andthe Mekong, Bassac and Tonle Sap Rivers to the East.
The province is located in the Mekong Delta a shallow
low-lying area where most of the countrys water ways
combine.
The yearly ood is characterised by extended areas
inundated by water from the Bassac River, the Mekong
River and the numerous natural and articial canals linking
the two rivers that ow laterally to low lands. High water
levels in the Bassac/Mekong systems cannot drain easily
to the sea because of tidal effects. Every year there is
substantial damage from these high water levels, damaginghouses and infrastructure.
Moreover, since the completion of a Vietnamese dam down
stream in the year 2000, the area has experienced more
irregular ooding with water rising faster, staying longer
and receding slower; a pattern consistent with the restric-
tion of water movement by a dam.
RBMRbTl;exttaEkv
exttaEkvCaextmYyCab;RBMRbTl;RbeTsevotNamEbkxagt,gTenemKg Ten)asak; nigTensabEbkxagekIt . extenHmanTItaMgenAdIsNrTenemKg tMbn;TMnabrak;mYy CaTIkEngEdlpvTwknanarbs;RbeTsCYbKa .
TwkCMnn;ral;qaMRtUv)anBiBNnaedaytMbn;EdlmanvisalPaBEdlCn;licedayTwkmkBITen)asak; TenemKg nigERBk nig RbLayFMnanaEdltPab;eTATenTaMgBIrenHEdlhUreTAEpkdITMnab . kMritTwkx
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Working in the Most AffectedDistricts
When higher water levels last too long, there is not only
damage to the houses, roads and irrigation canals but
also to rice production, as paddies are left submerged and
unavailable for planting.
The strain of having to pick themselves up and start over
again and again makes it difcult for people to equip them-
selves with the basic essentials they need to keep their
families aoat.
Oxfam came to help the peoplelive with floods. Oxfam implemented theproject through local partner Chamroen Chiet Khmer, the
National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM)
and the Provincial Committee for Disaster Management
(PCDM) in the districts of Borey Chulasar, Kampong
Krasaing, Prey Yithkar and Chey Chok. These four districts
suffered from severe oods in the years 2000 2002 when
many farmers found it difcult to cultivate rice at all, leaving
them with no food or income.
In 2003, the Tako Project took shape focusing on ood
risk reduction activities in 13 of the most remote and vul-
nerable villages.
eFIVkarenARsukEdlmanplb:HBal;bMput
enAeBlEdlkMritTwkx
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It was in the year 2000, during the ood crisis, that Oxfam
started working in Tako by providing emergency relief in
the form of plastic sheets, buckets, kitchen kits, seeds andfood to those affected, said Ses Vong Sambath, programme
coordinator for CCK in Tako. Those who survived the
disaster were on the verge of collapse because many lived
below the poverty line and had little capacity to recover.
Almost every year since the great oods, every monsoon
season the water rises to alarmingly high levels and any
chance of a recovery were washed away with the oods,
said Mr.Sambath.
In an effort to empower people to live and cope with
disasters, Oxfam together with CCK implemented aprogramme based on the needs of the community.
Out of the 13 Villages, 416 families were chosen by the
villagers themselves on the basis of their economic
situation and needs, such as female-headed house-
holds where the husbands were unable to work or the
women were widowed
elak ess vgSsm,tiRbFansMrbsMrYlkmviFIrbs;CCK RbcaMenAexttaEkv)anmanRbsasn_fa kgkMLgeBlmanvibtiTwkCMnn;enAkgqaM 2000 GgkarGuksVam)ancab;epImkagarenAexttaEkvedaykarpl;nUvCMnYyseRgaHbnan;rYmman fg;)asIk Fug Rbdab;RbdapH)ay BUC es,gdl;GkEdl)anrgeRKaHTaMgenaH. GkEdlrs;enACYbRbTHeRKaHmhnrayesIrEtdYlrlMeTAehIy edaysarEtRbCaCnCaeRcInrs;enAeRkambnat;RkIRk nig mansmtPaBtictYcedIm,IvilmkrkPaBedImvij .
elak sm,ti)anmanRbsasn_fa esIrEterogral;qaM cab;taMgBImaneRKaHTwkCMnn;FMmk erogral;rdUvxl;mUsug TwkEtgEteLIgy:agxaMgdl;kMritx
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What the Community WantedCRmrkGVIEdlshKmn_cg;)anVI
Shelter:TICMrk
It has become expensive for families to build good qual-
ity elevated houses. Small homes of bamboo and thatch
have become the norm. These small accommodations are
very susceptible to damage by heavy rains, strong winds
and ooding. Oxfam and CCK helped communities build
safe houses with good quality wood.
Villagers learned to raise their homesteads by 2-3 meters
using dirt to elevate the ground above ood level, whichthen provides a safe area for livestock underneath the
houses. In an areas where there is no high ground,
Oxfam and CCK created man-made hills, safe area,
equipped with shelters and water supply for up to six
villages together with cattle to relocate in case of
emergencies.
vaRtUvcMNayluyeRcInsMrab;RKYsarTaMgLayedIm,IksagpHEdllnigmanKuNPaB . pHtUceFVIBIbsSInigRbks,vkayCaerOgFmta
eTAehIy . lMenAsandtUcTaMgenHgayTTYlrgkarxUcxatNas;edaysarTwkePgxaMg xl;xaMg nigkarCn;licxaMg . GgkarGuksVam nig CCK )anCYyshKmn_ksagpHsuvtiPaBedayeFVIBIeQImanKuNPaBl.
GkPUmi)ansikSaedIm,IelIkpHrbs;BYkeK 2-3 Em:Rt edaykarcak;dI[x
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Means of Making a Living:meFa)aynkarrs;enA
During the oods the only way of earning income is through
shing and collecting morning glory. However, armed with
simple shing rods and broken-down boats, it is difcult
to earn substantial income for an individual let alone the
family. Oxfam and CCK has helped provide families with
boats, shing nets, as well as vegetable seeds and pots so
that families can grow vegetables when ood waters prevent
ground-level planting.
kgkMLgTwkCMnn; meFa)ayEtmYyKt;nkarrkR)ak;cMNUlKWtamrykarensaTRtInigebHRtkYn . eTaHy:agNakeday edaykarbMBak;]bkrN_ensaTsamBa nigTUk)ak;Ebk vamankarlM)akkgkarrkR)ak;cMNUl[)aneRcInsMrab;mnusSmak;ykeTAciBawmRKYsar .GgkarGuksVam nig CCK )anpl;CUndl;RKYsarTaMgLaynUvTUkmg kdUcCaRKab;BUCbEn nig PaCn_edIm,I[RKYsarTaMgenaHGacdaMbEn)anenAeBlEdlmanTwkCMnn;minGacdaMenAelIdI)an .
Training and Safety:karbNHbNal nig suvtiPaB
Safety was made a top priority. Life jackets, water jars and
water lters for safe drinking were distributed. The villagers
also received training in:
First aid and public health education
The importance of saving rewood which could be
used to heat water for purication
Gender equality within the family.
suvtiPaBRtUv)ankMNt;ykCaGaTiPaBx
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Houses Repaired
pHRtUv)anCYsCulWater Jars
BagTwkWater Filters
FugcMeraHTwksatLatrines
bgn;GnamyBoats Distributed
TUkRtUv)anpl;CUnFishing Nets
mgensaTPlant Pots
epIgdMNaMSeed Kits
RKab;BUCdMNaM
60
81
395
10
195
395
126
150
Total Distribution 2003 2006karEbgEcksrubsMrab;qaM 2003-2006
in order to inject money into thecommunity, we helped them to develop
sustainable livelihoods throughCash-for-Work schemes, such as
house construction, boat building and
raising homesteads.edIm,Idak;luycUleTAkgshKmn_eyIg)anCYyBYkeKedIm,IGPivDnUvkarrs;enARbkbedaynirnrPaB tamryKMeragnanaEdleRbIluysMrab;kargar dUcCakarksagpH kareFVITUk nig
karelIkpH .
Trees
(Planted to preventsoil erosion)
kUneQI(daMkarBarkarhUreRcaHdIBamboo(Planted to serve as source
for building material)
bJsSI(daMTukeFVICasMParsagsg;Homesteads Raised
pHRtUv)ansagsg
Rain water containment ponds(both to provide earth for homestead raising
and to serve as water source during the dry
months)
RsHdMkl;TwkePg(pl;TaMgdIsMrab;sg;pH nigsMrab;eFVICaRbPBTwkeRbIR)as;enAExR)aMg
75
75
150
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The Community: A Pillar of StrengthshKmn_ kMlaMgssrRTUg
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How We WorkrebobnkareFVIkar
Community-Based Disaster RiskReduciton (CBDRR) is a process in whichat-risk communities are actively engaged in the identi-
cation, analysis, planning, monitoring and evaluation
of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities
and enhance their capacities. People are at the heart of
decision-making and implementation of disaster risk
reduction activities.
Disaster Risk Reduction at the community level helps
people form an understanding of the risks that may occur
in their community by creating an environment to initiatediscussions on their vulnerability. It also acts to create
awareness amongst people to take ownership and
responsibility, to advocate and lobby government to
support risk reduction activities and mobilise the
community.
KMeragkat;bnyeRKaHmhnrayfak;shKmn_(CBDRR)KWCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlshKmn_TaMgLaykMBugRbQmnwgeRKaHfak;RtUv)aneKykcitTukdak;y:agskmkgkarkMNt;rkkarviPaK kareFVIEpnkarkarRtYtBinit nigvaytMleTAelIeRKaHmhnraynana edIm,Ikat;bnyPaBgayrgeRKaH nigbegInsmtPaBrbs;shKmn_. RbCaCnKWCakMlaMgFatudsMxan;minGacxVH)ankgkareFVIesckIsMerccit nigkarGnuvtnUvral;skmPaBkat;bnyeRKaHmhnray .
enAkMritshKmn_ CYy[RbCaCnbegIt)annUvkaryl;dwgGMBIeRKaHfak;nanaEdlGacekItmaneLIgenAkgshKmn_rbs;BYkeK tamry
karbegIt[manbriyakasmYyedIm,IpcepIm[mankarBiPakSananasIBIPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;BYkeK . vakmantYnaTIbegIt[mankaryl;dwgkgcMeNamRbCaCnedIm,IeFIVCamas;kar nigkarTTYlxusRtUvtsUmtinigbBaHbBalrdPi)al edIm,IsuMkarKaMRTdl;skmPaBkat;bnyeRKaHmhnray nigcgRkgshKmn_.
The Community: A Pillar of StrengthshKmn_ kMlaMgssrRTUg
The Royal Government of Cambodia established a
National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) in
1995 with the purpose of supporting:
Capacity building on disaster management for govern-
ment ofcials at the Provincial, district, commune and
village levels.
Emergency relief assistance, mobilisation of resources
and provision of relief goods to affected people.
Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction
programmes in collaboration with international and
local non-governmental organisations.
1.
2.
3.
raCrdaPi)alkm
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Oxfams CBDRR projects are implemented through local
partners and the various levels of the governments NCDM
project. Each of Oxfams provincial project team is made
up of local NGO staff, ofcials from the National-CDM and
Provincial-CDM and one Oxfam staff. The project team
works to support the capacities and coping strategies of
local communities. The villages themselves carry out most
activities, including village mobilising, beneciary selection,
and the creation of a village action plan.
The Oxfam Great Britain head ofce in Phnom Penh
provides technical support and training to both partners
and local government.
Ministry of Rural
DevelopmentRksYgGPivDn_CnbT
Ministry of Interior
RksYgmhapNational CDM
KNkmaFikarCatiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray
Provincial CDM
KNkmaFikarextRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray
District CDM
KNkmaFikarRsukRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray
Commune CDM
KNkmaFikarXuMRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray
Commune Council
RkumRbwkSaXuM sgat;
Village Chief
RbFanPUmiVDC
KNkmkarGPivDn_PUmi
VCDMKNkmaFikarPUmiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray
KMerag CBDRR rbs;GgkarGuksVamRtUv)anGnuvttamryHGgkardKUkgRsuknana nigtamryKMerag NCDM RKb;lMdab;rbs;raCrdPi)al . RkumkargarKMeragfak;extnImYyrbs;GgkarGuksVamRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaymanbuKlikGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alkgRsuk mRnImkBIKNkmaFikarCatiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray KNkmaFikarextRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray nigbuKlikmak;rbs;GgkarGuksVam . Rkumkargarrbs;KMeragbMeBjkargarKaMRTelIsmtPaB
nigyuTsaRsedaHRsaysMrab;shKmn_mUldan . bNaPUmiTaMgLayxneKpal; CaGkGnuvtnUvskmPaBPaKeRcInbMput edayrYmbBalTaMgkarcgRkgPUmikareRCIserIsGkTTYlpl nigkarksagEpnkarskmPaBPUmi.
kariyalykNalrbs;GgkarGuksVamcRkPBGg;eKsenATIRkugPMeBj pl;nUvkarKaMRTxagbeckeTs nigkarbNHbNaleTAdl;TaMgGgkardKU nigTaMgdl;rdaPi)alfak;mUldan .
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The CBDRR project in Tako is implemented through a
Village Committee for Disaster Management or VCDM.
The members are made up of ve women and men directly
elected by their communities.
The government, Oxfam and local partners play a
supportive role to the community through the provision
of information, training and nancial and technical
assistance to VCDM members, in order for the committeeto improve their communitys resilience in the face of ood.
The VCDM organise to:
Assist in the selection of beneciaries by conducting
vulnerability assessments
Implement the construction of homesteads, rehabilita-
tion of houses
Distribute boats and water jars
Implement village evacuation plans
Guide vulnerable and often distraught villagers to safe
areas, and distribute food and non-food items when
neededMonitor and provide training on maintenance of
distributed equipment.
How CBDRR is Implemented in TakoetICBDRRRtUv)anGnuvty:agdUcemcenAexttaEkv
KMerag CBDRR enAexttaEkv RtUv)anGnuvttamryKNkmaFikarPUmiRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray rWVCDM . smaCikKNkmkarRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaymanRsInigburscMnYn5nak; EdleRCIserIsedaysmaCikshKmn_rbs;BYkeKedaypal; .
rdaPi)al/ GgkarGuksVam nigdKUkgRsuknana edIrtYnaTICaGkKaMRTshKmn_tamrykarpl;Btman karbNHbNal nigCMnYy
beckeTsnighirBavteTAdl;smaCikVCDM edIm,I[KNkmkarmanlTPaBEklMG[manPaBegIberIeLIgvijrbs;shKmn_EdlRbQmnwgeRKaHTwkCMnn; .
VCDMbegIteLIgedIm,ICYyeRCIserIsGkTTYlpltamrykareFVIkarvaytMlGMBIPaBgayrgeRKaHGnuvtkarsagsg;pH karCYsCulpHEckTUk nig BagTwkGnuvtEpnkarCemsGkPUmi
dwknaMGkPUmiEdlgayrgeRKaH nigGkrgeRKaHeTAkan;TItaMgsuvtiPaB nigEckes,gGahar nigsMParminEmnCaes,gGaharenAeBleKRtUvkarcaM)ac;RtYtBinit nigpl;karbNHbNalsIBIkarEfrkSasMPar]bkrN_Edl)anEck
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24
Accountability to Beneficiaries, Stakeholders andDonorsKNenyPaBcMeBaHGkTTYlpl/ GkBak;Bn nigGkpl;CMnYy
Accountability NetworkIn order to improve the quality of humanitarian response,
Oxfam helped found self-monitoring humanitarian account-
ability network of non-governmental organisations working
in Cambodia.
HANet or the Humanitarian Accountability Network in
Cambodia has more than 20 members including both
local and international non-governmental organisations.
Through this network, members have developed concretestrategies to improve accountability and transparency
during disaster preparedness, mitigation and response.
HANet members promote the use of complaint handling
mechanisms at the onset of activities so that beneciaries
and stakeholders have the means to communicate their
grievances. This allows project teams to identify and
resolve problems rapidly and so improved programme
quality.
Tako Programme EvaluatedIn 2006 the Tako pilot project was handed over to the local
partner Chamroen Chiet Khmer (CCK). CCK has proven
itself to be a professional local development agency and
has taken full responsibility for the application and
maintenance of the programme in Takeo province.
Before the handover, Oxfam, with the help of an external
consultant, conducted a participatory three-week evaluation
of the project. It was found that the project was widely
considered as a model for community-based disaster risk
reduction, and was, more importantly, seen by the commu-
nity themselves as having had real impact to improve their
resilience to ood.
bNajkargarnkarTTYlxusRtUvx
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The training provided by Oxfam in collaboration with
CCK throughout the years had grown in depth andcomplexity beneting not just the villagers but also
government ofcials and members of the international
NGO community.
Targeting: The evaluation team was impressed with
the targeting process (wealth ranking by VCDMs).
The most vulnerable were identied and received the
benets.
The VCDMs have the potential to be independent
village institutions, acting in partnership with govern-
ment village institutions (VDCs)
By determining the gender composition of the VCDMs
(three women and two men) the structure of the
committee helps address womens practical needs
and interests.
VCDMs and the community have formed a bond which
instills condence in coping with adverse disasters.
The programme has been acknowledged and
valued by the Cambodian government.
karbNHbNalEdlpl;edayGgkarGuksVamshkarCamYyGgkarCCK Gs;eBlCaeRcInqaMmkenH )anrIkcMerIny:agRCaleRCAnigpl;plRbeyaCn_RKb;y:ag minRtwmEtsMrab;GkPUmib:ueNaHeT kb:uEnsMrab;mRnIrdaPi)al nigsmaCikshKmn_GgkareRkArdaPi)alGnrCatipgEdr .
karkMNt;RkumeKaledA RkumvaytMlepatGarmN_xaMgelIdMeNIrkarkMNt;RkumeKaledA (kareFVIcMNat; fak;FnFanedayRkumVCDMs . GkPUmiEdlgayTTYleRKaHPaKeRcInbMputRtUv)ankMNt;rkeXIj ehIy)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_.
RkumVCDMsmanskanuBleFVICasabnPUmikraC edIrtYCadKUCamYysabnrdGMNacPUmi(VDCs)
tamkarkMNt;[mansmasPaBEynDrenAkg VCDMs (RsI3 nak; nigburs2 nak; rcnasm
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Conclusion
The ood mitigation project has grown in sophistication
in all aspects from communications, community-based
training, establishing of VCDMs, targeting and working
with vulnerable populations to incorporating government
support and inuencing multilateral institutions. It has
now become a strong model that can become a bench-
mark for other future projects.
esckIsnidanKMeragkat;bnyeRKaHfak;edayTwkCMnn; )anrIkcMerIneLIgRKb;TidPaBTaMgGs;cab;taMgBIvisyTMnak;TMng/ karbNHbNalfak;shKmn_/karbegItVCDMs/ karkMNt;RkumeKaledA nigkareFVIkarCamYyRbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaHedaymankarcU lrYmKaMRTBIrdaPi)alnigsabnEdlman\TiBlCaeRcIneTot . bcb,nKMeragenH)ankayCaKMrUdxaMgmYyEdlGaceFVICalMnaMKMrUsMrab;KMeragepSgeTotnaeBlGnaKt .
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Gender Equality and Disaster PreparednesssmPaBEynDr nigkareRtombgareRKaHmhnray
RsInigeRKaHmhnray
RsIkMrRtUv)aneK[eFIVCatMNagnRkumGkeFVIesckIsMerccitNas; TaMgmuneBl TaMgeBlkMBugekItman nig eRkayeBlekItmaneRKaHmhnray dUecHehIycMNab;GarmN_nigesckIRtUvkarrbs;BYkeKminEdlRtUv)aneKykcitykTukdak;KitKUreLIy .RsIhak;manTMenarEdlRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa CnrgeRKaHKanTIBwgEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;[eKkarBar nigeKR)ab;nUvGVIEdlRtUveFVICaCagR)ab;nUvGVIEdlCaFnFanRbkbedayskanuBl .
eKcab;GarmN_tictYceTAelItMrUvkarrbs;RsIenAeBlEdlRtUvkarCMnYyseRgaHbnan; kgnytMrUvkarcaM)ac;CalkNkCnrbs;BYkeK Gnamypal;xn GnamynigsuxPaB .kareRbIR)as;eRKOgRsvwgnigeRKOgejnedayBYkburs Cajwkjab;mankarekIneLIgenAkEngeRKaHmhnray/ CaBiessenAeBlRsI)at;bg;sartImas;karkgkarrkcMNUl ehIyBYkburskkayeTACaFak;TwkcitcMeBaH GlTPaBrkR)ak;cMNUlpl;[RKYusarrbs;eK . kareRbIR)as;eRKgRsvwgnigeRKgejn)anbMpajRTBsm,tiRKYsar[hinehac nigbg[manGMeBIhigSakgRKYsar .
eqIytbeTAnwgbBaaTaMgenH ehIyeFVIkarsMedAelIkkMBs;smPaBEynDrenaH KMeragkat;bnyeRKaHmhnray nigCMnYyseRgaHbnan;enAexttaEkvRtUv)anbegIteLIgtameKalkarN_dUcxageRkam .
Women and Disasters
Women are seldom represented on decision-
making bodies before, during, and after disasters,
and so their needs and interests are not taken into
account.
Women tend to be regarded as helpless victims who
need to be protected and told what to do rather than
potential resources.
Little attention is paid to womens needs when it comes
to emergency-relief, in terms of their need for privacy,
personal hygiene, sanitation and health.The use of alcohol and drugs by men often increases
at a disaster site, particularly when women lose
control over income, and men become depressed
about their inability to provide for their families.
Alcohol and drug use deplete family resources and
increase domestic violence.
To address these issues and work towards gender
equity, the disaster risk reduction project and emergency
response in Tako was drawn up within the following
guidelines
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Initial Assessment and Project design
Women in the community provide project team with
information on cultural norms and practices
Women in the community actively participate in needsassessment and project design.
Project Implementation and Monitoring
VCDM membership include both women and men
Meetings are held to discuss the issue of violence
against women and ways of reducing sexual harass-
ment within the community
Women have a key role in the targeting, monitoring
and distribution project resources
Female beneciaries have access and share controlover project resources and benets
Public space is created to meet the different social
needs of women and men, boys and girls is provided
Activities such as house repair and cash-for-work are
designed to ensure that female-headed households
receive the same benets as other families
At least 80% of relief food aid is distributed directly to
women
Projects include food production and income-generating
activities that enable women and girls to achieve
minimum food and income security
Women take a leading role in key project activitiessuch as water-point management, income generating
initiatives, and community mobilisation
Women, men, and school children together provide
health information to the rest of the community.
karvaytMlbzm nig karbegItKMerag
RsIkgshKmn_pl;[RkumkargarnUvBtmansIBIbTdanxagvb,FmnigkarGnuvt .RsIkgshKmn_cUlrYmy:agskmkgkarvaytMltMrUvkarnigkarbegItKMerag
karGnuvt nigRtYtBinitKMerag
smaCikPaBrbs;VCDM rab;bBalTaMgRsInigburskicRbCuMRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IBiPakSaGMBIbBaaGMeBIhigSaRbqaMnwgRsInigEsVgrkmeFa)aykat;bnykarebotebonpvePTenAkgshKmn_RsImantYnaTIsMxan;kgkarkMNt;RkumeKaledA karRtYtBinit
nigkarEckcayFnFanrbs;KMeragGkTTYlplCaRsImanlTPaBnigcUlrYmemIlxusRtUvelIFnFannigplRbeyaCn_rbs;KMeragbegIt[mankEngsaFarNedIm,ICYbRbCuMedaHRsayGMBItMrUvkarepSgkgsgmrbs;bursnigRsI ekgRbus nig ekgRsIskmPaBTaMgLaydUcCakarCYsCulpHnigR)ak;sMrab;kargarRtUvbegIt[manedIm,IFanafa RsICaempHkTTYl)anGtRbeyaCn_dUcKanwgRKYsardTeTotEdr .y:agticNas;k80 nCMnYyes,gGaharseRgaHRtUvEckpal;eTARsI
KMerag rYmbBalTaMgplitkmes,gGahar nigskmPaBbegItR)ak;cMNUlEdlGac[RsInigekgRsIsMercTTYl)annUvsnisuxes,gnigR)ak;cMNUlCaGb,rima .RsImantYnaTIdwknaMkgskmPaBkargarsMxan;rbs;KMeragkarRKb;RKgRsHTwk nigkarpcepImKMnitbegInR)ak;cMNUl nigkarcgRkgshKmn_.RsI bursnigsisSsalarYmKapl;BtmanGMBIsuxPaBeTAdl;mnusSdTeTotenAkgshKmn_.
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Gender Assessment
Three years since the Tako project was rst implemented,
in 2006, an assessment was carried out to determine
peoples behaviour and attitude towards gender equity.It was found that:
Women were better represented within the communitys
decision-making process
Violence against women domestic and sexual
harassment was reduced.
Female VCDM members say that they were more
condent to speak out. Along the way they have gained
knowledge and are able to take action, such as consult-
ing with and helping fellow community members resolve
conicts. From this they have earned greater respect andrecognition from community members.
Domestic violence has also reduced. With a more stable
income from the success of the project, there is less
tension within the family. Men have also learnt more about
gender equality from the training process and are less
inclined to use violence.
karvaytMlEynDr
Gs;ryeBl 3 qaMehIy cab;taMgBIKMeragkmviFIenAexttaEkvcab;epImGnuvtdMbUg/ enAqaM 2006 karvaytMlmYy)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IkMNt;[eXIjGMBI\riyabfnigGakb,kiriyarbs;RbCaCneTAelIsmFmEynDr . karvaytMl)anrkeXIjfa
RsIeFVICatMNag)any:aglenAkgdMeNIrnkareFVIesckIsMerccitrbs;shKmn_GMeBIhigSaRbqaMgnwgRsI dUcCakarbgbBaakgRKYsarnigkarebotebonpvePTRtUv)ankat;bny
smaCikVCDM CaRsIniyayfa BYkeKmanTMnukcitkan;EteRcIneLIgkgbeBajmti. CamYyKaenHEdr BYkeKkTTYl)ancMeNHdwg
ehIyGacGnuvtskmPaB)andUcCakarRbwkSaeyabl; nigCYydl;smaCikrYmkargarshKmn_kgkaredaHRsayTMnas;eTotpg .tamryTegVITaMgenH CalTplBYkeKTTYlnUvkareKarBx
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Scaling Up
karekIneLIg
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Not Giving Up on Dry Landmine)aHbg;ecaleTaHbICadIsthYtEhgkeday
Every day, villagers in rural Cambodia leave home in search of
a better life in the city. Success stories of comfortable jobs infactories and restaurants told by those who ventured ahead, is
an opportunity far too tempting to pass up.
Many, living in drought prone areas, sell their dry land to the
wealthy or land speculators and move to the capital, Phnom
Penh. Others have no choice but to enter the labour market
after using up all their property to pay for medical care of
family members.
However, for Nen Suwn, a 37-year-old mother of seven, her
land, no matter how dry the paddy elds might get, is more
than just a piece of asset. It was handed down from her fatherand is something she wants to hold on to and pass it on to her
children. I have lived here all my life. I see my neighbours sell
their land and move out, but I love it here and I dont want to
give it up, said Mrs Nen.
Mrs Nen lives in Kong Pisey district, Kompong Speu province,
one of the countrys worst drought-hit areas in the past ve
years according to Cambodias National Committee for
Disaster Management (NCDM).
Cambodia has been suffering from irregular dry spells through-
out the past decade. Various parts of the country are goingthrough prolonged drought during the planting season drying
up the paddy elds and killing off the rice plants before they
have fully grown.
Mrs Nen claims that in the past, when she could not grow
enough rice to feed her family, she used to cut down trees but
the hills are now empty and the only thing she can do now is
sell labour, which earns her around 3,000 riel (less than 1 US
dollar) per day.
Oxfam working with local partner National Prosperity Asso-
ciation (NAPA) has recently introduced a community-baseddisaster risk reduction project in 15 villages of Kong Pisey
district.
The project purpose is to utilise the various natural and man-
made resources within the area to better equip the villagers
living in increasing drier climate and in return help them to stay
home and not have to move to the city, said Som Vanthat
Oxfams drought programme assistant.
Caerogral; GkPUmiEdlrs;enAtamCnbTnRbeTskm
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Drought programme ofcer, Tep Sokha, explained that the
rugged mountainous terrain of Kong Pisey receives consider-
able rain. During the Khmer Rouge regime, many reservoirs
and dikes were built to harness the water but they have all
fallen into disuse.
We are now renovating the reservoirs and canals so that
water can be irrigated to the paddy elds when there is drought
so that the villagers dont have to rely solely on rain water to
grow rice, he said.
Oxfam and NAPA plan to renovate ve reservoirs and construct
at least three canals by 2008. They have already completed
several family and community ponds for rainwater catchments
and underground wells to be used for drinking, feeding cattle
and growing vegetables.
A Village Disaster Management Committees were established
and was included in all the decision making process. The com-
mittees play a key role in educating their own communities on
how to maintain the equipment, as well as other issues such
hygiene and gender mainstreaming.
Sun Seng, 45, who had just received a family pond, said that
she lives for from the water source, therefore, can only rely on
the rain to keep her rice paddy from drying out.
I look forward to when the canals are nished and maybe
moving from my home land might not be a necessity, she
said.
sM va:n;fat CMnYykarkmviFIeRKaHraMgstrbs;GgkarGuksVammanRbsasn_fa eKalbMNgrbs;KMeragKWedIm,IeRbIR)as;nUvFnFanFmCatinigFnFansgmEdlmanenAkgtMbn;edIm,ICYypt;pg;[RbesIreLIgdl;GkPUmiEdlkMBugrs;enACYbnwgkarekIneLIgnkMedAGakasFatu ehIyCalTplCYy[BYkeKsitenAnwgpH nigmincaM)ac;eTArkkareFVIenATIRkugeT .
elakeTB suxa RbFankmviFIeRKaHraMg )anBnl;fa lkNPUmisaRsx
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Scaling Up
Between 75 80 per cent of Cambodias population live in
rural areas with few monetary or physical resources with
which to sustain their subsistence lives of poverty, or tobuild a base from which to escape out from under povertys
weight. Any shock, such as a natural disaster, can have
a devastating impact on an already impoverished and
vulnerable population.
The only effective course of action is to undertake efforts to
prepare for and to minimise the impact of natural disaster
and to provide communities with opportunities to shorten
the time of recovery from ood or drought.
The Oxfam pilot project in Tako has shown that the
team has fashioned a methodology for community-baseddisaster risk reduction that has proven to be successful in
improving peoples resilience to natural disaster are less
likely to be subjected to increased vulnerabilities.
Other NGOs have adopted or modied the approach in their
own projects. Oxfam continues to share information with
other Disaster Risk Reduction stakeholders, but sharing
knowledge is not enough, there is more to be done to help
other communities that have yet to receive assistance from
other agencies.
Therefore, Oxfams Disaster Risk Reduction programmehas been extended to Kratie province and to drought
affected communities in two provinces KampongSpeu and Svay Rieng.
karekIneLIgenAcenaHBI 75-80 PaKry nRbCaCnkm
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Approach and Rationale
Oxfam applies the Community-Based Disaster RiskReduction Framework in all three new privinces, working
with local partner NGOs, NCDM and PCDM to establish
independent village institutions, the VCDMs. Over the
course of the new programme cycle, communities in 44
villages in the three provinces will be supported, including
19 villages affected by ood and 25 by drought.
karKaMRT nig ehtupl
GgkarGuksVamGnuvtnUvRkbxNkargarkat;bnyeRKaHmhnrayfak;shKmn_kgextfITaMg3eday shkarCamYyGgkardKUkgRsuknana/ NCDM nig PCDM edIm,IbegItsabnPUmikraC/ VCDMs.GMBIryevlanvdrbs;KMeragkmviFIfI shKmn_enAkgPUmicMnYn44kgextTaMg3nwgRtUv)an]tmKaMRTedayrYmmanPUmicMnYn19EdlrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn; nig PUmicMnYn25 TTYlrgnUveRKaHraMg .
Kratie : began March 2006
Kompong Speu
Takeo
Svey Rieng
BeganOctober 2006
Project completed
1999-2006Began January2007
*Source : NCDM, August 2002
34
population affected by ood and drought *
> 37,000
18,000 - 37,000
11,000 - 18,000
< 11,000
Affected but no data
> 18,000
12,000 - 18,000
6,000 - 12,000
< 6,000
Affected but no data
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Kompong Speu
A report released after the widespread drought of 2004 by
Cambodias National Committee for Disaster Management
(NCDM) revealed that from 2002 2004 Kompong Speu
Province suffered the most adverse effects of the irregular
dry spells that have shaped the country during the last 10
years. Agricultural produce in six out of the eight districts
were destroyed within the two-year time frame.
In recognition of the NCDM study, Oxfam conducted an
assessment in 2005 and singled-out 15 villages in Korn
Pisey district to be the worst hit.
Implementing the droughtPreparedness Project
Oxfam began implementing the Community-Based
Drought Disaster Risk Reduction Project (CBDRRP) in
October 2006 in collaboration with local partner National
Prosperity Association (NAPA). The characteristics is
based on the community ood preparedness project in
Tako province but adapted to suit a drought prone area.
kMBg;s
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Problem
Relying Solely on RainThe community traditionally depends solely on rain to keep
their rice plants alive. In a productive season, a one hectarerice paddy can produce roughly 1,000 kilogrammes of rice
which can last a family the whole year. During the past 10
years, however, farmers have only been able to produce
500 kilogrammes and some, living far from water ways, are
able to harvest just 50 kilogrammes. Households have to
nd alternative income by selling labour, cutting trees or
moving to the city to nd jobs.
No Safe Drinking WaterMany water sources, including ponds and wells, dry up
during the drought. The few remaining, used for personal
hygiene, washing clothes, livestock, watering and drinking,become overused and contaminated, giving rise to water-
borne diseases.
Potential
Eight out of the 15 villages are located close to
mountainous areas and have access to water from
streams that cascades down during the monsoon
season. However, there is no available irrigation
system and the water is not properly utilised.
Within the area, there are also old reservoirs from the
Khmer Rouge regime, if rehabilitated, can be use to
effectively store water.
Oxfam has also been working in the area since 2000
providing emergency drought response.
bBaa
BwgEpkTaMgRsugeTAelITwkePgCaRbBNIeTAehIy shKmn_BwgEpkTaMgRsugeTAelITwkePgedIm,IeRsacRsBdMNaMRsUvrbs;eK[rs;)an . enAkgrdUvbgbegInpldIERsmYyhiktaGacplitRsUv)any:ageRcInNas 1000 KILRkamEdlGacciBawmRKYsar)aneBjmYyqaM . eTaHy:agenHkIkalBIGMLgeBl10qaMkngeTA ksikrGacplit)anEt 500 KILRkamb:ueNaH ehIyGkxHeTot EdlmanERsenAqayBIpvTwk Gac)anplEtRtwm50 KILRkamEtb:ueNaH. RKYsarTaMgenaHRtUvEsVgrkcMNUlepSgmkCMnYsedaykarsuIQleK karkab;eQIlk;bkeTArk kargareFVIenATIRkug .
KanTwksatsMrab;briePaK
RbPBTwkCaeRcInrYmmanTaMgRsHnigGNgkRtUvrIg Gs;enAeBlmaneRKaHraMg . RsH RtBaMgtictYcEdlenAsl;EdleRbIsMrab;[manGnamyxnR)aN sMrab;e)akKk; ciBawmstV eRsacRsBdMNaMnigsMrab;briePaKkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;hYsRbmaNnigeFVIkxVk;EdlbNal[ekItCaCMgWesIEs,kepSg .
skanuBl
PUmi8 kgcMeNamPUmicMnYn15 manTItaMgenACitnwgtMbn;PM ehIy
manlTPaBTTYl)anTwkBIswgEdlhUrcuHkgrdUvvsSa . eTaHCay:agenHkBuMmanRbBnFarasaRssMrab;tMkl;Twk ehIyTwkRtUveKeRbIR)as;min)ansmRsbpgEdr .enAkgtMbn;kmanTMnb;GagTwkcas;Edlsl;BIrbbExrRkhmehIyRbsinebIeKCYsCuleLIgvij vaGaceRbIsMrab;tMkl;Twk)anRbkbedayRbsiTiPaB .GgkarGuksVamk)annigkMBugeFVIkarenAkgtMbn;enHtaMgBIqaM2,000 eday)anpl;CMnYyseRgaHbnan;EpkeRKaHraMg .
36
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Providing what is needed
Water from one small reservoir can be irrigated to 50 100
hectares of rice paddy. Oxfam together with NAPA will
construct as well as rehabilitate canals, culverts and reservoirsto irrigate water to the farmlands to replace rainfall in periods
of drought. Oxfam also will construct
wells, community and family
ponds to collect rainfall for
irrigating alternative crops,
raising sh and for feeding
livestock. VCDM members are
currently learning about disaster
management, accountability,
hygiene, gender equality and
community mobilising so that
they can pass the information onto the community.
Svay Rieng
In Svay Rieng, unlike Kampong Speu, Communities have
sufcient drinking water but very poor irrigation system. Oxfam
and local partner - PADEK - started disaster risk reduction
activities in 10 villages in Svay Rieng province in January
2007.
pl;nUvGVIEdlCatMrUvkarcaM)ac;
eKGacykTwkBITMnb;TwktUcmYyeTAeRsacRsBelIdIERsBI 50-100hikta . GgkarGuksVamnigGgkar NAPA nwgCIk
RBmTaMgCYYsCulRbLayTwk RbBnbgrTwk nigTMnb;Twk edIm,IykTwkeTAeRsacRsBdIERsCMnYsTwkePg enAGMLgraMg . GgkarGuksVamknwgCIkGNg CIRsHTwkshKmn_nigRsHTwkCalkNRKYsaredIm,IRbmUlykTwkePgsMrab;eRsacRsBdMNaMCMnYsepSg ciBawmRtI nigsMrab;stVciBawmepSgeTot . smaCikVCDM bcb,nenHkMBugsikSaGMBIrebobRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnray Gnamy smPaBEynDr nigkarcgRkgshKmn_edIm,I[BYkeKGacEckcayBtmanbneTAshKmn_.
sVayerog
enAextsVayerogxusBIextkMBg;s
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Kratie
Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Kratie is a province
that is affected by both seasonal ooding and ash oods on
an annual basis. However, since the 2000 ooding, the oods
each year have become more prolonged with the water levels
higher.
Oxfam started working in Kratie initially in March 2006 and has
supported the implementation of a Disaster Risk Reduction
project based on the Tako Model.
Working with Kratie Womens Welfare Association (KWWA), a
welfare and gender capacity building organization, Oxfam has
helped to provide boats, shing nets, rain water catchment
containers, and vegetable seeds in 19 villages. We have also
improved an existing safe area with infrastructires designed
to provide safe water, human and livestock and sanitation
facilities.
RkecH
edaysarmanTItaMgenAtamdgTenemKg RkecHKWCaextmYyEdlRtUvTTYlrgTaMgTwkCMnn;tamrdUvnigTwkCMnn;xusrdUvCaerogral;qaM. eTaHy:agenHkI cab;taMgBITwkCMnn;qaM2000mkTwkCMnn;ral;qaMmanryeBlEvgnigmankMritTwkx
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A Brief History of Oxfam International in CambodiaRbvtisegbrbs;GgkarGuksVamGnrCatienAkm
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OXFAM AMERICA
East Asia Regional Ofce
3rd oor # 54, Street 108, Wat Phnom, Dau Penh, Phnom
Penh
Tel: +855 23 210 357 , Fax: +855 23 223 119
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.oxfamamerica.org
OXFAM AUSTRALIA
House 68, Street 135, Tuol Tom Poung I,
Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh
Tel: +855 23 211 570, Fax: +855 23 214 749
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.oxfam.org.au
OXFAM GB
House 442, Street 193, Sangkat Toul Svay Prey1, Khan
Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh
Tel. +855 23 212 353 fax: +855 23 211 873
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.oxfam.org.uk
OXFAM HONG KONG
House 68, Street 135, Tuol Tom Poung I,
Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh
Tel: +855 23 211 570, Fax: +855 23 214 749
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.oxfam.org.hk
OXFAM NOVIB (Netherlands)
Mauritskade 9, Postbus 30919,
2500 GX, The Hague,
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 342 1621
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.oxfamnovib.nl
CCK
Chambork Em Village, Rominh Commune,
Koh Andeth Distirct, Takeo Province
Tel: +855 12 971 421
NAPA
House189, Street 182 (Tep Phon), Phsar Depo I, Phnom
Penh
Tel: +855 16 838387
KWWA
Sresdao Village, Orussey Commune, Kratie
Tel: +855 72 971 586 Fax: +855 72 971586
Email: [email protected]
PADEK
House 72, Street 360, Phnom Penh,
Tel: +855 23 362 779 Fax: +855 23 216 224
Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.padek.org
Oxfam affiliates and partners working in Damage RiskReduction in Cambodia:
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