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SchematicofsolidmanuresystemsSource:PurdueUniversity
SurfaceapplicationofsolidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity
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CommonManureHandlingSystemsSolidLotRunoffLiquidManureLagoons
SolidManure
Swinemanurewashistoricallyhandledasasolid,eitherdepositeddirectlybygrazinganimals,orcollectedinbeddingplacedonsolidshelterfloorstoabsorbtheurine.Pasturedanimalsspreadthemanureoverthelandastheygrazed.Manuredepositedonsolidfloorsistypicallystoredwhereitfalls,withmorebeddingaddedasneededtomaintainadryfloor.Liquiddrainsawayfromthemanuredroppedonanoutsidelotandmustbecollectedinastorage,leavingthesolidmanurebehind.Themanurecompostsinplacesomewhatandisremovedeveryfewmonths.Fertilizervalueisrecoveredbyspreadingoncroplandtocompletethenutrientcycle.Solidmanureisnormallysurfaceapplied,butinsomecasesmaybeincorporatedintothesoilwithafarmtillageoperationshortlyafterspreading.Compostingisanotheroptionforsolidmanuremanagement.
LotRunoff
Ag101
http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/porkmanure.htmlLastupdatedon6/27/2012
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OptionsforhandlingmanurefromopenlotSource:PurdueUniversity
Optionsforhandlingmanurefromopenlotholdingpondforrunoff
fromoutsidelotSource:DavisPurdue
Farms
GrowfinishpigsonslottedfloorSource:PurdueUniversity
Manureistypicallyscrapedfromoutsidelotseveryweekortwoandstackeduntilitcanbehauledtocropland.Itisimportanttokeepanoutsidelotrelativelyfreeofmanuretocontrolodorandsothatrainfallrunoffstaysmostlyfreeofmanure.Thisfacilitatesstorageofrelativelycleanrunoffforirrigationontocropland.Itisevenpossibletodivertrunofffromsmalloperationsdirectlytopastureortoavegetatedfilterstripwhereitcaninfiltrate.Itmustbepreventedfromenteringwaterways.Cleanupslopewaterandroofwatershouldbedivertedawayfromtheopenlottominimizetheamountofwastewaterthatmustbehandledasamanure.
LiquidManureMostswinemanureishandledasaliquid.Manuretypicallyfallsthroughaslottedfloor(withthesizeofslotdependingonthesizeandageofanimal)intoeitheragutteroraconcretestoragepit.Storagepitsprovidesfrom312monthsstorageofthemanure.Thispitmayeitherbelocateddirectlyundertheslottedfloorandmaybefrom4'to10'deep.Insomeoperations,themanurefallsintoashallowpitorgutterwhichisperiodicallypumped,flushedordrainedtoalargeoutsidestorage.Theoutsidestoragemayeitherbeconstructedintheearthoracommercialsteelorconcretestoragepurchasedanderectedonsite.Storagesizeisdictatedbyregulatoryagenciesinmost
statesandareusuallysizedlargeenoughtoholdatleastsixmonthsaccumulationinMidwesternstates.Thisavoidstheneedtoapplymanureduringthecropgrowingseasonandwhenweatherconditionsareunsuitablesuchasonfrozengroundorwhenthesoiliswetenoughthatheavyapplicationvehiclescouldcompactanddamagethesoilforcropproduction.
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LiquidmanurepitagitationSource:PurdueUniversity
SurfaceappliedliquidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity
Fabricatedsteelmanurestorage
InjectingliquidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity
Liquidmanurefromstorageisnormallyagitatedthoroughlytomakethemanurenutrientcontentbetweenloadsmoreuniformandhauledtothefieldforapplicationinlargetankerwagonsortrucks.Liquidmanureiseitherappliedtothesoilsurfaceorisincorporatedduringorshortlyafterapplicationtocontrollossofvolatileammoniaandreleaseofodors.Incorporationisveryeffectiveatcontrollingrunoffofmanurenutrientsandreducingodorfromlandapplicationifdoneduringorwithinafewhoursafterapplication.Onemethodisasoilinjector,whereliquidmanureisinjecteddirectlyintothesoiltoadepthof6to9asthetankerpassesoverthefield.Thisimmediatecontactbetweenthemanureandsoilishighlyeffectiveatcontrollingodor.
Inremoteareas,liquidmanuremaybepumpedtothelandapplicationsiteandthenirrigatedontocropland.Sprayirrigatingliquidmanureisaveryefficientmethodoflandapplication,intermsofspeedandlabor,butodoremissionscanbesignificanttherefore,itisnotfeasibletousethismethodinpopulatedareas.
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TwostagelagoonsystemSource:PurdueUniversity
Gravitydrain,flatbottomgutterSource:PurdueUniversity
Reversehairpin,flatbottomgutterSource:PurdueUniversity
RecirculatinglagoonwatertoflushmanurefromagutterunderaslottedfloorSource:PurdueUniversity
LagoonsLagoonsaredifferentfromliquidmanurestoragebecausetheyareoperatedtoencourageanaerobicdigestionoforganicmaterialwhileitisbeingstored.Thisreducesodorwhenthetreatedmanureislandapplied.Aproperlydesignedandoperatedtreatmentlagoonismuchlargerandmoreexpensivethanaliquidmanurestoragewiththesamestoragetime,andtheorganicsolidsaremuchlessconcentratedintheliquid.
IntheMidwest,anequalpartofrelativelycleandilutionwatermustbeaddedforeachpartmanure.Furthermore,manuremustbeaddedslowlyanduniformlytothelagoon,toavoidanupset(andsubsequentreleaseofodors)tothebiologicaltreatmentsystem.Onecommonmethodofdoingthisistoutilizeshallowpitsorguttersunderslottedfloorsanddrainorflushmanuretothelagoononafrequentbasis,usuallyeverythreedaystothreeweeks.Thisisdonebysimplypullingapluginthebottomofthepit,calledgravitydrain,useofascrapersystemrunningintheunderfloorgutter,throughaprocesscalleda"hairpen"gutterorbyrecirculatingavolumeofrelativelycleaneffluentfromthelagoontoflushmanureoutofthebuildingandintothelagoon.Recirculationinvolveseitheraflushingactionthattakesplaceseveraltimesadayora"pitrecharge"systemthatworksbasicallylikeatoiletthatisflushedeveryfewdays.
Aportionofthelagooncontentsor"minimumdesignvolume"mustbeleftinthelagoonafteritscontentsarepumpedtothelandtoprovidealargenumberofmicrobialorganismstotreatthenewmanureenteringthesystem.Inspiteofproperoperation,thereisanoverturningofthelagooncontentsthatoccursinthefalloftheyearforacoupleofweeks,asambienttemperature
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SinglecellwastetreatmentlagoonSource:PurdueUniversity
Irrigationoflagooneffluentontocropland
Source:PurdueUniversity
dropsandcoolsthetoplayerofliquidinthelagoon.Asitsdensityincreases,itoverturnsordropstothebottomofthelagoon,forcingthebottomlayer,containingpartiallydigestedmanuresolids,tothetop.Thisphenomenonresultsinhigherodorlevelsforaweekortwoaroundthelagoon.MultipleLagoonsinseriesnormallyemit
fewerodorsthansinglecelllagoons.
Lagooncontentsarenormallyappliedtocroplandbysprayirrigationsystems.Ifthelagoonisproperlydesignedandoperated,sprayirrigationshouldnotreleasemuchodorbecausemostoftheorganicsolidsshouldhavebeenbiologicallydegraded.Inawelloperatedlagoon,typicaleffluentshouldhaveonlyabout20%asmuchnitrogen(N)andabout30%to40%asmuchphosphorous(P)andpotassium(K)astherawmanure,becauseoftreatmentandsedimentationofsolidstothebottomofthelagoon.NotethatthePandK"lost"actuallyaccumulateinthesludgeandmustbeutilizedproperlywhenremoved.Thesesolids,orsludge,mustberemovedeveryfewyearsandtheoperationshouldplantohandlethemasapartoftheirnutrientmanagementplan.Becausethismaterialismoreconcentrated,itmaybepracticaltohaulthesludgeoffsitetomoredistantcroplandthatcanbetterutilizethenutrientscontainedinthesludge.Becauseofthenuisancepotentialofthispartiallystabilizedmaterial,itshouldbeincorporatedasaliquidmanureifpossible.
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