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Collective Intelligence for OER Sustainability
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Simon Buckingham Shum & Anna De Liddo
OLnet Project, Knowledge Media Institute Open University UK
Open Education 2010, Barcelona
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk
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OLnetaimstosearchouttheevidencefor
useandreuseofOERand
buildacollec7veintelligence
infrastructurethatmakesthisavisible,andevolvingmapofthemovement’s
knowledgeandopenchallenges
olnet.org
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Examples of OER Collective Intelligence
The following tend to be adoption obstacles for OER in Africa…
OER xyz failed to transfer to a new context because…
There appear to be 5 main strategies to OER sustainability, of which only 2 have robust evidence…
The following arguments for OER have proven most compelling to state educational boards…
Successful OER initiatives seem to share these competencies in the core team…
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Examples of OER evidence
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OER Sustainability
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~ Sustainability as a
property of ecosystems
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OER Sustainability
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Sustainability Resilience Resilience Thinking Resilience Platforms OER Threats/Opps OER Collective Intelligence
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Complexity
Line of argument…
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Resilience
Walker, et al. (2004) define resilience as
“the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change, so as to still
retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks”
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Resilience in Socio-Ecological Systems Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in
social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9, (2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5
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Fig. 1a. Three-dimensional stability landscape with two basins of attraction showing, in one basin, the current position of the system and three aspects of resilience, L = latitude, R = resistance, Pr = precariousness.
Latitude: the maximum amount the system can be changed before losing its ability to recover
Resistance: the ease or difficulty of changing the system
Precariousness: the current trajectory of the system, and how close it currently is to a limit or “threshold”
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Resilience in Socio-Ecological Systems Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in
social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9, (2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5
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Fig. 1b. Changes in the stability landscape have resulted in a contraction of the basin the system was in and an expansion of the alternate basin. Without itself changing, the system has changed basins.
It may not yet be possible to model a human community in such quantitative
terms, but the broader principles of Resilience Thinking apply to non-ecological systems more clearly
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Resilience
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http://www.futureofed.org/driver/Platforms-for-Resilience.aspx
“System shocks and disruptions in the arenas of energy, finance, climate, and health care are key forces of destabilization in this century.
Institutional strategies that focus on resisting disruption and maintaining the status quo will not offer sufficient responses.”
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Resilience Thinking (explosion of resources on this) A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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promotes biological, landscape, social and economic diversity
embraces and works with natural ecological cycles
consists of modular components
possesses tight feedbacks
promotes trust, well developed social networks and leadership
places an emphasis on learning, experimentation, locally developed rules, and embracing change
has institutions with "redundancy" in governance structures
mixes common and private property with overlapping access rights
considers all nature’s un-priced services
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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promotes biological, landscape, social and
economic diversity Diversity is a major source of future options and of a
system's capacity to respond to change.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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embraces and works with natural ecological cycles
A forest that is never allowed to burn loses its fire-resistant species and becomes very vulnerable to
fire.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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consists of modular components
When over-connected, shocks are rapidly transmitted through the system - as a forest
connected by logging roads can allow a wild fire to spread wider than it would otherwise.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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possesses tight feedbacks Feedbacks allow us to detect thresholds before we
cross them. Globalization is leading to delayed feedbacks that were once tighter. For example,
people of the developed world receive weak feedback signals about the consequences of their
consumption.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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promotes trust, well developed social networks
and leadership Individually, these attributes contribute to what is generally termed "social capital," but they need to
act in concert to effect adaptability - the capacity to respond to change and disturbance.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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places an emphasis on learning, experimentation,
locally developed rules, and embracing change
When rigid connections and behaviors are broken, new opportunities open up and new resources are
made available for growth.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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has institutions with "redundancy" in governance
structures Redundancy in institutions increases the diversity of
responses and the flexibility of a system.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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mixes common and private property with overlapping
access rights Because access and property rights lie at the heart of many resource-use tragedies, overlapping rights
and a mix of common and private property rights can enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological
systems.
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Resilience Thinking A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…
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considers all nature’s un-priced services
– such as carbon storage, water filtration and so on - in development proposals and assessments. These services are often the ones that change in a regime
shift – and are often only recognized and appreciated when they are lost.
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Resilience Platforms
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http://www.futureofed.org/driver/Platforms-for-Resilience.aspx
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Resilience Platforms
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http://www.futureofed.org/driver/Platforms-for-Resilience.aspx
Creating flexibility and innovation amid system failures
“Platforms for resilience - enabling responsive flexibility, distributed collaboration, and transparency - will allow institutions to meet such challenges through innovation, adaptation, and openness.”
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Resilience in knowledge-intensive ecosystems
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When knowledge and understanding are key variables in the system, resilience depends on the capacity for learning
e.g. awareness of discrepant evidence, critical practice, reflection and dialogue when confronted by challenges or shocks to the system.
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Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats
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Threat to established educational paradigm?
(Opportunity for OER/Open Social Learning?)
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Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats
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Threat to established educational paradigm?
(Opportunity for OER/Open Social Learning?)
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Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats
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Threat to OER/Open Social Learning?
Threat to established educational paradigm?
(Opportunity for OER/Open Social Learning?)
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Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats
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Public doc on SBS blog: http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/10/resilience-thinking-edu
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Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats
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Public doc on SBS blog: http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/10/resilience-thinking-edu
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Collective Intelligence for resilience?
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Collective Intelligence for resilience?
31 Sources include: Weick (1995); Kurtz & Snowden (2003); Browning, L. and Boudès, T. (2005); Hagel et al (2010)
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Collective Intelligence for resilience?
32 Sources include: Weick (1995); Kurtz & Snowden (2003); Browning, L. and Boudès, T. (2005); Hagel et al (2010)
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the key idea…
sensemaking revolves around conversations
perspective and context are key: we don’t always agree
contested collective intelligence
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Towards an OER Collective Intelligence Infrastructure
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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interpretation
interpretation
interpretation
interpretation
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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interpretation
interpretation interpretation
interpretation
interpretation
(a hunch – no grounding
evidence yet)
interpretation
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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predicts causes
interpretation
interpretation interpretation
interpretation
interpretation
(a hunch – no grounding
evidence yet)
interpretation
Is pre-requisite for
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How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...
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prevents
predicts causes
interpretation
interpretation interpretation
interpretation
interpretation
(a hunch – no grounding
evidence yet) Is inconsistent with
interpretation
challenges
Is pre-requisite for
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Building the story that makes sense of the evidence… i.e. plausible narrative and arguments
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Question
Answer
Supporting Argument…
Challenging Argument…
challenges supports
responds to
Assumption
motivates
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Building the story that makes sense of the evidence… i.e. plausible narrative and arguments
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Question
Answer
Supporting Argument…
Challenging Argument…
challenges supports
responds to
Hunch
motivates
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Building the story that makes sense of the evidence… i.e. plausible narrative and arguments
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Question
Answer
Supporting Argument…
Challenging Argument…
challenges supports
responds to
Data
motivates
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http://cohere.open.ac.uk
Convergence of… web annotation social bookmarking concept mapping structured debate
a prototype infrastructure for collective intelligence/social learning
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Structured deliberation and debate in which Questions, Evidence and Connections are first class entities (linkable, addressable, embeddable, contestable…)
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Structured deliberation and debate in which Questions, Evidence and Connections are first class entities (linkable, addressable, embeddable, contestable…)
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Analyst-defined visual connection language
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Structured deliberation and debate in which Questions, Evidence and Connections are first class entities (linkable, addressable, embeddable, contestable…)
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— web annotation of OER (Firefox extension)
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seeing the connections people make as they annotate the web using Cohere
Visualizing all the connections that a set of analysts have made
— but unfiltered, this may not be very helpful
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Visualizing multiple learners’ interpretations of global
warming sources
Connections have been filtered by a set of semantic
relationships grouped as Consistency
— semantic filtering of connections
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554
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— web annotation for sensemaking
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Social Network
Social Discourse Network
Concept Network
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— geospatial mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic network containing
geolocation data can be visualized in Google Maps
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— timeline viz. mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic network containing temporal data can be visualized in MIT
Simile’s timeline
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A large scale OER CI exercise: Are you on the map? (whose map?...)
120 OER project reports from Hewlett Foundation What is the evidence base around OER impact? What are the unresolved questions that help set the
roadmap? Reports analysed by OER researchers and via
computational linguistics engine… …feeding into a set of multi-dimensional
interactive knowledge maps To be shared with the OER community Spring 2011,
inviting mass participation to update the evidence base, and create a living conversation, generating dynamic maps that we can collectively own
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Sustainability Resilience Resilience Thinking Resilience Platforms OER Threats/Opps OER Collective Intelligence
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Complexity
Summary
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In more detail… articles, books, news, movies, software, community…
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http://cohere.open.ac.uk
http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse
http://OLnet.org