Collective Coping (continued)
Class 17
Quake Study Survey Locations
Timeline of Quake Study
Q WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK --- WEEK --- WEEK --- WEEK
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Quake Study Method
Sample size: 789 residents (SF, Sac, S. Cal, Dallas)
Data gathering method:
Phone survey
Random digit dialing
Calls made 6:30 – 9:30, weeknights only
Survey lasts 10 minutes
Survey Content
Communication: Thinking, talking, listening
Emotional reactions
Physical symptoms
Coping tactics: praying, joking, drinking
Rates of Talking and Thinking Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake: Bay Area Only
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Thought
Talked
“Thank you for not sharing your earthquake experience with me”
T-shirts in Palo Alto during weeks 3-6 after the quake
Percent Reporting an Earthquake-Related Dream, SF vs. Other Locations
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ComparisonCities
Percent Reporting an Argument with Family or Co-Workers During the Prior Week
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ComparisonCities
Percentage Change in Aggravated Assaults From Year Before Quake to Year After Quake
-6
-4
-2
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Rates of Quake Related Joking
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00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
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ComparisonCities
A Need to Be Shaken and Stirred?
“But deep in my heart I know not that a major disaster would be deliverance from my drab, wretched life – salvation from the old week-by-week, a chance for two-bit heroics blown up on the front page … . I’ve talked to others, and I’m not alone. Maybe we crave a chance to be stouthearted for once and have a real situation to cope with.”
Michael Hood, NPR Reporter
Commenting on minor quake in Seattle, WA
05/09/96
The Three Stage Model of Collective Coping
The Three Stage Model of Collective Coping
Persian Gulf War I
500000 US soldiers in harms way
Experts predict 1000s of US casualties
Fears of nuclear weapons, poison gas
Fears of terrorism at home
Yellow ribbons, prayer sessions
Media barrage of war-relate stories
Persian Gulf War Study
Survey nearly identical to that used in Quake Study
Participants contacted randomly
All participants were Dallas, TX residents
No “comparison sample” possible
Rates and Talking and Thinking Following the Persian Gulf War
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101214161820
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Rates of Event-Related Dreaming, Following the Quake and Following the War
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Quake (SF)
War (Dallas)
Rate of Increased Aggravated Assaults, Dallas, 1991 (War) vs. 1990 (Pre-War)
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Implications of Collective Coping Research
1. Coping appears to occur in a three-stage manner
1. Emergency
2. Inhibition
3. Recovery
2. Public safety should be on especial alert during inhibition stage
3. Emotions are negotiated events; we need to share the burden of disclosure and listening.
Why Does Coping Require Disclosure?The Emotional Broadcaster Theory
NOTE: THIS AND REMAINING SLIDES NOT RELEVANT FOR FALL 2010 CLASS
Daily Talking Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake and the Persian Gulf War
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Pennebaker & Harber, 1993
Intra-Personal Reasons to Disclose
Schachter Anxiety and Affiliation Studiesa. Clarify causes of distressb. Validate one's own reactions
Sympathetic Listening as Social Supporta. Making sense of Traumab. Perspective c. Insightd. Belongingness, acceptance
Failure to Disclose can be a Health Risk
a. Prolonged suppression → chronic stress.b. Disclosure reduces illness.
The Emotional Broadcaster Theory
Proximal need to disclose Intra-psychic benefits
Distal result of disclosure Information transfer
Personal News is Widely Broadcasted
Disclose copiously after major events Disclose with minimal prompting Disclose when asked not to do so Disclose unconsciously Disclose against self-interest Disclosure is cross-cultural Disclosure is ancient
Well-Told Disclosures are the Most Therapeutic
Disclosures that create “movies” in listeners minds predict success in therapy (Bucci, 1997)
Disclosures with best narrative structure advance illness recovery (Harber & Pennebaker, 1992)
Disclosures Benefit Listeners
Testimony therapy (Agger & Jensen 1990)
Gossip is informative (Baumeister et al., 2004)
Emotions Propel Disclosures“The Social Telegraph”
The Morgue Study
Harber, K.D & Cohen, D., Jou. Language and Soc. Psych, 2005Participants: 33 undergrads (55% female)
Event: Field trip to UM hospital morgue
Self-reported reactions: 3 days after morgue visit
Story tracking exercise
1
2
3
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Marlow (M) told 3
Ilana (F) told 2
Deb (F) told 0
Max (M) told 1
Gabe (M) told 0
Andrea (F) told 1
Hannah (F ) 624-8324 told 1
Maja (F ) 873-2345 told 0
Lew (M) 927-8743 told 1
Primary Sharing
Secondary Sharing
Tertiary Sharing
Story Sharing Following Morgue Field Trip
Primary Sharing
(Sharing by students)
(n = 33)
Secondary Sharing
(Sharing by students’ Friends)
(n = 32)
Tertiary Sharing
(Sharing by students’ Friends’ Friends)
(n = 27)
Number/rate of sharing 32.00 (97%) 27.00 (82%) 16.00 (48%)
Mean contacts per sharer 6.21 (4.06) 1.46 (1.21) 1.26 ( 1.20)
Total no. contacts this level 205 299 377
Total hearing about event: ≈ 881
Students’ Emotional Reactions and Story Sharing
Primary Sharing
(Sharing by students)
(n = 33)
Secondary Sharing
(Sharing by students’ Friends)
(n = 32)
Tertiary Sharing
(Sharing by students’ Friends’ Friends)
(n = 26)
Students’ reactions .73** .24 .46*
Students’ disclosures .56** .61**
Note: Students’ disclosures represent proxy index of emotional reaction.
No se vive sin amour.
Class 18: Social Support
One cannot live without love
What is Social Support?
Knowledge that one is not alone when facing stressors.
Harlow "Wire Mother" Studies
Rene' Spitz Foundling Home Study
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvdOe10vrs4
DEPRIVATION DWARFISM
What Are Types of Social Support?
Emotional Informational
Instrumental Tangible
Emotional Informational Instrumental TangibleDisclosure How to get help Transportation Provide funds
Belonging Nature of problem Help clean Provide materials
Worthiness Affection
Poss. solutions Track meds.
Social Support as Non-Specific Resistance
Stress: Non-specific health threat. Why?
Effects cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, emotional health.
Social Support: Non-specific resistance factor. Why?
Effects cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, emotional health.
Social Support and Biomedical Model of Health
Social support challenges the bio-med model. Why?
“Over the last 150 years of medical research from Pasteur, Koch onward, research has proceeded successfully along lines of identifying one cause of one disease with the theory of disease specificity being one of the major advances in our thinking over the last century.”
Biomed model predicts 1 cause for illness, specific to illness. Social support indicates multiple, general causes for specific illness.
Prospective Studies on Social Support and Health
What is a "prospective study"?
Sample is identified first, then outcomes measured later on.
Versus Retrospective Study, where outcomes identified first, then characteristics of sample identified.
Which method is more reliable and why?
Prospective: 1. Prospective, so not biased by recall.2. Population based, not based on volunteers but on large population.3. Effects are of large magnitude, both clinically
and statistically significant.
Community Based Studies, 1979-1984Alameda County: Men and women w/o support were 1.9 to 3.1 times more likely to die in 9 year follow up.
What was main cause of death?
___ Heart Disease ___ Stroke
___ Cancer___ Respiratory
___ Gastrointestinal
XXXXX
Problems with this study: Doesn't account for pre-study illness
N. Karelia Study: Focuses only on CHD
Admits only patients with pre-existing CHD/CHD risks
Isolated men (not women) higher CHD mortality
12 Additional Studies Associate Social Isolation with Mortality
Emotional Isolation Pre-MI, Mortality Post Myocardial Infarction (MI)
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NoSupport
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Died in HospitalDied 6 mos. later