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Collaborative Information Seeking in Travel Context: A literature Review
Yulan Y. YuanAssistant Professor
Travel ManagementJinwen University of Science and
Technology
Chaang-Iuan, HoAssociate Professor
Travel ManagementJinwen University of Science and
TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
Republic of China
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What is Missing?
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Two heads better than one• Travel is a social activity (Ho, Lin, & Chen, 2012;
Morris & Horvitz, 2007) .
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Research Purpose
• Provides an overview of the concept of collaboration for information search in travel context, and
• Presents a description of different aspects of tourist information seeking (TCIS) via mobile technology
• Recommendations for advancing the study of TCIS
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Collaboration = Col + Labor• Working together synergistically (London, 1995)• A process of joint decision-making among key
stakeholders, who see different aspects of a problem can constructively explore their differences and search port solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible (Gray, 1989: p. 5).
• An interactive process (Roberts and Bradley, 1991: p. 209)
• A mutually beneficial relationship between party members who work toward common goals (Chrislip and Larson, 1994: p.5)
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Information Seeking and Need• Is the purposive seeking for information as a consequence of
a need to satisfy some goals (Wilson, 2000).• Need is an inner state which requires some stimuli that are
lacking.• Five primary needs are identified by Vogt and Fesenmaire
(1998):– Functional: search for answering specific questions or reducing risks.– Hedonic: search for pleasure pursuit.– Innovation: novelty seeking and new travel ideas, identify alternative
ways of problem-solving.– Aesthetic: Imagery and fantasizing– Sign: symbolic expression
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Travel Context
Pre-consumption Consumption Post-consumption
PlanningExpectation-
formationDecision-making
TransactionsAnticipation
ConnectionNavigation
Short-term decision-making
On-site transactions
SharingDocumentation
External memoryRe-experiencing
Attachment
Anticipate Experience Reminiscence
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Tourist Collaborative Information Seeking (TCIS)
Tourist Collaborative Information Searching (TCIS) is an information searching activity related to a problem solving activity that, implicitly or explicitly, involves human beings interacting with other human(s) directly and/or through mobile technology as information sources in a travel task related information seeking and decision-making process either in a planning or on site visiting.
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TCIS Mode of Using MT
Temporal SynchronousSame time
AsynchronousDifferent Time
SpatialCo-locatedSame place
Face-to-face interactions
Unfinished and continuous tasks
RemoteDifferent Place
Communication via Internet or Mobile
phone
Sharing and Reminiscing via e-mail
and social media
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TCIS
Modified from Shah, 2010
Collaboration
Collaborative Information Seeking (CIS)
Information Seeking
Information Behavior
TCIS
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Researches in Tourist CIS
Collaborative Information Seeking (CIS)
Information Seeking TCIS
24
5760
490
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• Over half of them are conference proceeding
• Only 2 of them were written by tourism scholars.
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Collaboration in the Travel Context• Types of collaboration• TCIS in different stages • Needs for collaboration • Preliminary and Advanced collaborative IS• Research method of TCIS
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Time
People Space
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Types of Collaboration
• collaborate with travelling companions• collaborate with people who are unknown– locals or tourist who are visiting the place
• collaborate with people afar (Brown, 2002).
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TCIS in Different Travel Stages
+Searching and exchanging information
+Trip planning
⧻ orientation, ⧻ navigation and
way-finding ⧻ wondering
Anticipate Experience Reminiscence
− Expectation-formation
− decision-making− booking
- short-term decision-making
- On-site transactions
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−Exchanging information,
−Co-documentation
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Needs for Collaboration• Functional perspective– unfamiliarity to place, – the complexity of information needs, and – lack of immediately accessible information
• Hedonic– Talk for the talk sake– Wondering around
• Innovation– Novelty seeking
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Preliminary and Advanced TCIS
• In the process of information searching– Lack of quantity and quality– Information is used to engage discussion
• Close to try to making decision
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Research MethodsMethods Data Collection Authors
Qualitative Literature review
Hunolstein (2003); Yong (2011)
Ethnography Content analysis with data collected by video taping, log, observation, and questionnaire
Brown (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007); Morris (2007)Evjemo, Akselsen, & Schurmann (2009); Rafidi (2013)
Talk-laud technique Evan (2010)Quantitative Experiment Pre-and Post-design Imazu (2011), Artif (2013)
Survey Morris (2007); Gretel and Yoo (2008) ; Sigala (2010); Artif (2012)
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Conclusion• Together, Web 2.0 and mobile technology
enables TCIS more easier than ever.• There are more information activities required
collaboration in pre-consumption stage.• People collaborate for information searching
mainly based on functional needs.• How do people collaborate to seek travel
information?
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Future Research• Does the TCIS differ in three travel stages? If
so, how would the TCIS vary in those stages?• Does tourists have preferable modes of CIS in
different travel stages?• How the complexity of information needs
have influence on TCIS?
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Suggestions?• Please
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Mobile Technology
Up side
• Ubiquity • Localization awareness • Immediacy• Personalization • Broadcasting • Portability• Identification
Down side
• Limited screen size• Slow data transaction• Less secured
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Articles Selection Process5760
Records Identified Collaborative Information Seek
490Records Screened
24Articles included in review
5,270Articles Excluded by Tourist
200Articles Excluded
266 11 – Paper unavailable 83 – Info retrieval 167 – Learning and education 5 – General tourist
information search model
290Full-text and directly related
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TCIS Model
Characteristics of tourists
Prior Knowledge
Complexity of Info Needs
Dispersion of Information
Perceived usefulness of MI
Collaborative IS
Individual IS
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Future Research• How the prior knowledge have influence on the
tourist engaging in CIS? • The past studies have examined the decision
between family member and spouses, thus, what factors have influence on the process of decision-making among different age of groups, especially youth travelers?
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