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Coastal Erosion
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Forces That Shape The Earth
• The Earth is shaped by both internal and external processes
• Internally, tectonic processes form the lithosphere
• Externally gradational processes also shape the lithosphere
• These include: rivers, winds, glaciers, and waves
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Rivers
• Rivers cut deep valleys and create large deltas
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Winds
• Winds carves beautiful rock formations and carry sands
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Glaciers• Glaciers flow over continents while slowly
carving out the land and dropping large boulders…
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Waves• Waves and currents cut into coastlines and polish sandy
beaches….
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The Other Gradational Force…
• Humans are a gradational force• This picture is an example of the effects of over
forestation
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• The constant battering of the waves (14,000 waves per day)
• Effects:– erode the shoreline– transport the eroded material– deposit the eroded material elsewhere
Coastal Erosion
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Factors Affecting Coastal Erosion
• Softer rocks are more easily eroded• Sea floors that slope gradually have
less erosion because wave break offshore
• Coastlines oriented perpendicular to prevailing winds erode more easily
• Rising sea levels increase erosion rates.
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Signs of Coastal Erosion
• Wave-cut notches: An indentation cut into a sea cliff at water level by wave
• Sea caves: cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea
• Sea arches: form where cliffs are subject to erosion from the sea
• Sea stacks: steep and often vertical column of rock in the sea near a coast, isolated by erosion
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Wave Cut Notch
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Sea Arches and Sea Stacks
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Elephant Rock, PEI
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Hopewell Rocks, NB
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Preventing Coastal Erosion
• Riprap – a heap of angular boulders piled along the shoreline
• Breakwater – a wall of boulders built parallel to the shore to take the brunt of the breaking waves
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Rip Rap
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Breakwater