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SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
1)INTRODUCTION TO THE EXERCISE
As a part of our course curriculum the students of B. Tech.(Urban and regional
Planning), Third Semester, are required to undertake the planning practice exercise SPP 205:
PLANNING STUDIO-III (SITE PLANNING-I) CLUSTER DESIGN wherein the students
are required to expertise intends to apply the theories of the Site Planning and Design. The
students are required to understand the technique to study the requirement of the agencies or
cities for which the area is likely to come. To study the norms, standards prevailing in the
area, study the byelaws or regulation existing in the area. To identify the specific objective
and the consideration for planning of the area, planning projection and to identify the
requirement of the area. The purpose of the exercise is to present a brief explanatory role of
the designer in planning and development of a cluster to be explored. In this exercise, eachstudent has taken a cluster from his/her neighbourhood the basis of previous exercise. All
students have taken norms & standards preferably those given by PUDA.
2)OBJECTIVE
The objective of the exercise is to make the students understand how to develop a site,
the importance of the norms, standards and building bye laws existing in that area and how
to project the requirements of that area after development which is z to a approach, based on
the collected data regarding the site.
3)SCOPE
The scope of this exercise is to understand the requirements of a cluster and how to
design a cluster which mainly comprises the residential component. The plotted and the
flatted development have to be provided and the design has to be appealing in every sense i.e.
functionally as well as aesthetically. Each component should be easily accessible from every
corner of the road. In this exercise a cluster was selected from the neighborhood and site
analysis of the on-site as well as surroundings was done. Certain objectives were set which
were to be achieved by means of the design of the cluster. On the basis of the norms given by
PUDA, the assumptions and requirements were calculated and then specific planning and
design considerations were made. On the basis of these considerations, four plans were
proposed i.e. layout, circulation, utilities and landscaping.
4)INTRODUCTION TO SITE
The cluster selected for designing is located in the west of mohali city and in north-
east direction with respect to the neighborhood of which it is a part. The site is surrounded by
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clusters on two sides and residential area on its right side and is connected with the bye-pass
road.
Figure 1 cluster site
5)NEED OF CLUSTER DESIGN
The concept of design helps to have optimum utilization of resources mainly land. It
minimizes the incidental open spaces which are a mere wastage of land and usually become
the dumping sites and breeding places for mosquitoes and rodents. A good design serves twofunctions i.e. better aesthetic view and healthy living environment. Buildings are oriented as
per the sun, wind and view orientation. Haphazard development is controlled through
planning and design. The common areas like parks and other recreational areas help to have
cohesive environment among different sections of the society. The plots and flats are
provided according to the various income groups so that they can afford them easily and are
also segregated on the income basis so that the residents dont have to face social problems
like discrimination etc.
6)IMPORTANCE OF CLUSTER DESIGN
Providing better and healthy living conditions.
Every service provided into the cluster should be accessible for each an everyindividual for their convenience.
It is a planning for the betterment of the society which includes all the four incomegroup of people such as HIG .MIG ,LIG, and EWS.
To make a thing more beautiful and more aesthetically.
Optimum utilization of land is done since the development is done in a planned
manner and there will be no vacant spaces left in the area.
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7)METHODOLOGY
CLUSTER DESIGNSPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
COMPONENTS,ELEMENTS &
PRINCIPLES
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
NORMS & STANDARDS
GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
SITE ANALYSIS ON-SITE FEATURES PHYSICAL FEATURES PHYSIOGRAPHIC
SLOPECLIMATETOPOGRAPHY
REQUIREMENTS
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA TOTAL POPULATION POPULATION
COMPOSITION OF
DIFFERENT INCOME
GROUPSHOUSING
NO. OF PLOTS AND FLATS AREA FOR DIFFERENT
INCOME GROUP PEOPLE
COMMERCIAL NO. AND AREA OF SHOPS PARKING AREA AND
MANUVERING SPACE
PARKING DESIGN
SPECIFIC PLANNING
AND DESIGN
PUBLIC/
SEMIPUBLIC PRIMARY
SCHOOL AND
CRECHE
PARKS ANDOPEN SPACES:
AREA OFCLUSTER PARK
UTILITIES WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE
LANDSCAPING CLUSTER PARK
FLAT DESIGNS
HIG FLAT MIG FLAT LIG FLAT EWS FLAT
PROPOSALS
LAYOUT PLAN
CIRCULATIONPLAN
UTILITYNETWORK PLAN
LANDSCAPINGPLAN
Figure 2 Methodology
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METHODOLOGY
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
For designing a cluster of neighbourhood unit first of all a theoretical framework has
been setup in which different concepts given by different planners like Clearance Perry,Engelhard, Clearance Stein and Le-Corbusier have been studied at neighbourhood level. By
studying their concepts and considerations, a concept has been derived which incorporates all
these concepts. Also the elements, components and principles of cluster have studied for
better understanding of these concepts. From the above concepts and our derived concept
general planning consideration for cluster have been undertaken. Norms and standards given
by various planning authorities like PUDA, municipal corporation Mohali, Mohali master
plan and Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)norms have been studied to plan the unit
strictly according to the laws. Afterwards a site has been selected from the proposed land use
plan under residential zone as given in the master plan of Mohali. After selecting site, its
analysis has been done by identifying onsite and surrounding features. Knowledge about
abutting landuses and site characteristics has been gathered.
SITE ANALYSIS
By working out details about onsite features like location, water table, slope ,existing
landuses ,climatic details like rainfall, temperature and humidity together with surrounding
features like abutting land use, distance from major landmarks have been calculated to know
the problems, potential and constraints of the site .
ASSUMPTIONS
To increase the comfort level and to achieve the objectives of the project specific
planning considerations at cluster level have been set up and by keeping these considerations
in mind a conceptual plan has been given with the help of assumptions and requirements
computed from the norms and standards and assumptions made like, area and population etc.
placement of various sections of society like HIGs, MIGs, LIGs and EWS along with location
of cluster centre and roads have been done.
FLAT DESIGNS
After this flats design where prepared for different income groups like HIG, MIG,
LIG & EWS and the components of house are arrange according to the income groups.
FINAL PROPOSAL
In the light of this conceptual plan further a layout plan have been proposed to seek
the actual placement of different plots & blocks and accordingly circulation, utility network
and landscaping maps are proposed which are discussed in detail later.
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SECTION-B
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
B.1 DEFINITIONS
Cluster:Definition of cluster is given by different scholars are as following-
Cluster is a fundamental form of human settlement having well defined
boundary which can afford a reasonable degree of privacy, private outdoor
space and ground orientation.
A residential cluster development is the grouping of residential properties on a
development site in order to use the extra land as open space, recreation or
agriculture.
Cluster design:It is simply the process in which a cluster is planned and designed on the
basis of the norms and standards as applicable in the respective area and on the basis of the
perception of the planner, the purpose of developing the site and on the principles and
objectives to be achieved.
Derived Definition: Cluster is the most important and the smallest segment of
neighbourhood planning . It is planned and designed on the basis of some planning and
design considerations and planning principles, cluster has well defined boundaries either
naturally or man-made. The main concept behind cluster planning is to enhance social
interaction among different income groups.
Cluster housing:Cluster housing is primarily an urban housing form that is adaptable to
many different community scales. By drawing upon the best of a rich tradition, it has the
potential to become the enlightened compromise between conventional suburban and urban
housing environments.
B.2) OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the exercise is as follows:
To provide healthy living environment.
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To promote social interaction between two income groups and to plan according to
the socio economic requirements of different income groups of the society.
To provide safety, self sufficiency and convenience to the residents especially the
children, house wives and old age people.
B.3 COMPONENTS OF CLUSTER
i. Housing
Type of development
a) Plotted
b) Flatted
ii. Commercial
Convenient shops
o Formal shops
o Informal shops
iii. Public and semi-public
Primary school
Crche
iv. Circulation
Inter cluster roads
Access roads
v. Parks and open spaces
Cluster parks
Totlots
Incidental open spaces
vi. Utilities :
Water supply
Sewerage system
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i. HOUSING:
Housing is a provision to fulfill the needs and demands of shelter of a particular set of
people, groups and communities. Quality of life depends largely on the kind of housingfacilities which are available. It is an integral part of overall improvement of human
settlements and economic development.
Type of development
a) Plotted
b) Flatted
a) Plotted:
Row housing: It may be single stories or two storied. It is preferred for low incomegroup of families, it yield more net residential density.
Detached housing: Sufficient margins are left on side front and rear. The design of a
detached house can be made considering the individual requirements of the family.
Semi detached housing: A common boundary wall in the form of structural barriers
divides independent plot into two units.
Back to back: In this case only front setback exists in plots and side setbacks in case ofcorner plots. All the plots share the common boundary wall.
b) F latted:
It consists of flats and apartment which can go up to height of 3-9 stories and each floor may
accommodate 2-4 tenements.
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Figure 3 Block Design
Flat: Complete dwelling units with independent entrance for one household within a
group housing complex containing similar such unit.
Apartments: Apartments/flats shall means residential buildings constructed in a detachedor semi-detached manner being designed as ground floor plus more upper floors and
constructed as separated dwelling unit with common staircase.
ii. COMMERCIAL
Convenient shops: It consists of formal and informal shops. Shops like general storesand booths. Shop selling convenience goods and should be located at walkable distance.
iii. PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC
Nursery schools: A nursery school is a school for children between the ages of three andfive years, staffed by qualified teachers and other professionals who encourage and
supervise educational play rather than simply providing childcare. It is a pre-school
education institution, part ofearly childhood education.
Primary school: A primary school is an institution in which children receive the first
stage ofcompulsory educationknown asprimary or elementary education. Childrengenerally attend primary school from around the age of four or five until the age of eleven
or twelve.
Crche: Day carecenter, an organization of adults who take care of children in place of
their parents.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-school_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-school_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-school_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-school_education -
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iv.CIRCULATION:
Road are the necessary components of cluster which provide access to a site and to its inner
clusters/zones as well. There is a hierarchy of the roads followed at cluster level i.e.
Inter cluster roads, Intra cluster roads/ Access road
Parking:Parking is a place open or covered owned by local body, private agency, or anindividual, used for parking of vehicles with or without parking charges. Parking is an
important part of the neighbourhood unit. If the the vehicles of the residents are parked on
street or in an illegal way it will lead to make the unit congested as the space on road for
vehicular movement is occupied by vehicles.
Parking facilities: it is not sufficient to provide the roads for smooth runningof
vehicles, but it is equally important to provide spaces for parking them. Use of road for
parking the vehicles is a common practice in the Indian towns which should not be allowedsince it reduces the effective width of the road thereby causing overcrowding, congestion. It
is the abuse of road, since its main function is transit of vehicles and not storage even for
short time. There are two methods of parking devices such as:
On- street parking
Off-street parking
On- street parking: Under this we have,
Parallel kerb parking: In this method the vehicles are parked along the road side kerbing,parallel to the centre line of the road.
Angle parking: In this case, vehicles are parked at 300, 450 and 600 the kerb. It is easy topark and to take off the cars but it occupies more space.
Right angle parking: In this case, as the name indicates, the vehiclesare parked at right angle to the kerb. It allows maximum number of
vehicles to be parked.
Off-street parking: In this separate space away from the kerb
is provided for parking the vehicles and is known as off-street
Figure 4CROSS SECTION OF 18 M AND 12 M ROAD
Figure 5 DEGREE PARKING
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parking. It does not produce congestion and delay as in kerb parking. The off-street
parking is provided in the
following ways.
Parking areas: it is done by providing aseparate by-pass entrance and exit by the
side of the road.
Parking lots: here parking of vehicles isdone by the owners of big commercial
establishments, cinema theatres for their
customers in their own premises or in the basement floors of the buildings.
Multi-storied parking garages: it is adopted when the parking space is less and also very
costly. It is possible to park a number of vehicles by providing multi-storied garages. Here
the inter-floor travel facility is provided by means of elevators or ramp.
iv)UTILITIES
The basic public services like water supply, sewerage drainage and Waste water from all
sources residential, commercial and industrial all other area waste water.
WATER SUPPLY1:
Water resources are sources ofwater that are useful or potentially useful to humans.
Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental
activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.
97% of water on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as fresh water of which
slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polarice caps. The remaining unfrozen
freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground
or in the air. The origin of all the sources of water is rainfall. When precipitation occurs, part
of it may evaporate and return immediately to the atmosphere, a part of it may infiltrate to the
soil, and part of it may flow across the surface of the ground. Those accounts for find source
and surface of water.
Layout of distribution system: Depending upon their layout and direction of supply, thereare four different systems of distribution:
Dead-end or tree system
Grid iron or loop system
Circular or ring system
1Birdie, G.S. & Birdie, J.S. (1986)
Figure 6 ANGLE & 90 DEGREE PARKING
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water -
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Radial system
Grid System this is an improvement overdead-end system. All the dead ends are
interconnected. Main line is laid along themain road. Sub- mains are taken in both
directions along other minor roads and
streets. From these branches are taken out
and are inter-connected. This system is also
known as reticulated system and is most
convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads. Actually, this system is an
improvement over dead-end system. All the dead ends are interconnected with each other
and water circulates freely throughout the system. Main line is laid along the main road.
Sub mains are taken in both the directions along other minor roads and streets. From these
sub-mains branches are taken out and are inter-connected as shown in figure. This system
removes all the disadvantages of dead end system.
Following are the main advantages of this system:
(a) As water is supplied from both the sides to every point, very small area will be
affected during repair.
(b) Since the water reaches every point from more than one route, the friction losses and
the sizes of the pipes are reduces.
(c) All the dead ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water remains in
continuous flow and there is no stagnation and chance of pollution is reduced to
minimum.
(d) In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted towards the affected area, by
closing the valves of nearby localities.
Following are the disadvantages of this system:
(e) More number of valves and longer length of pipe are required in this system; therebyincrease in the overall cost.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
In every town or city wastes of different types such as house, and street washings,
from various industrial processes, semi liquid wastes of human and animal excreta, dry
refuse of house and street sweepings, broken furniture, crockery, wastes from industries
etc. are produced daily.
If proper arrangements for the sewerage system are not made, they will go on
accumulating and create such a foul condition that the safety of the structures such as
buildings, roads will be danger due to accumulation of spent water and the health of the
Figure 7 GRID IRON /LOOP SYSTEM
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public will be in danger. All the drinkable water will be polluted. Total insanitary
conditions will be developed in the town and in will become possible for the public to live
in the towns or cities. Therefore in the interest of community of the town or city it is most
essential to design sewerage system and dispose of all the waste products of the city in
such a way that it may not cause any havoc to the people residing in the town.
Generally there are three methods of collection viz.:
1. Combined system
2. Separated system
3. Partially separate system
1. Combined system: this system as the name suggests, has only one pipe in which boththe storm water and the sanitary sewage
drains out to. This is especially
beneficial in area which have moderate
amount of rainfall and dont require
separate pipe for its disposal. The size
of the main pipe depends upon the
amount of discharge generated. This
system is particularly used in areas with
high density. Some other advantages of
this system are:
1. As only one pipe is laid, lot of money is saved in terms of cost and workmanship.
2. This system is fully functional even when there is no rain.
3. As this system involves only one pipe hence lot of space is saved which can be used for
other facilities.
4. This system works excellently in areas having high density.
Along with the advantages this system also has some disadvantages which cannot be
unlooked such as:
- As only one pipe is involved, frequent choking occurs.
- Solid sewage may sometimes cause blockages.
- It often decomposes and gives notorious smell for which ventilation may be required.
- As only one pipe is used the size of the pipe has to be significantly large to
accommodate both the sanitary sewage and storm water
Figure 8 COMBINED SYSTEM
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Landscaping: Landscaping means to grow more and more trees to create a healthy livingenvironment and to make unit aesthetically pleasing. It deals with the preservation of
natural as well as manmade organic elements, creating vista, avenues, etc. It refers to any
activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land including living, for example-
flora, fauna and non-living e.g. swings, benches, sculpture etc.
B.4) ELEMENTS
There are certain elements & features which should be contained in the cluster so that it
may reflect itself as a distinct identity. These are as follows:
Well-defined Boundary: A cluster unit shall have well defined physical boundary. It
might be any natural or manmade feature like a stream, canal, road, and railway track, etc.
which separates the site from the rest of the city. It is the boundary which makes people
feels safe when they enter their own cluster.
Size: cluster unit shall have adequate area & population to support the neighbourhood
infrastructure optimally. Size means the total area/ land under the site boundary which is
to be developed as a locality/cluster. It is usually calculated in acres or hectares and on
the basis of the area of a site, it is decided that, does the site has appropriate size for being
developed as a cluster.
Shape: The shape of cluster should be such that the remotest corner of the unit shall be
easily accessible from any remote corner of neighbourhood unit.It is the element that
describes how the cluster actually looks. On the whole it is important to study so as to lay
infrastructure on the basis of our objective of optimum utilization of land while designing
a locality.
Approach to facilities: The facilities provided in the cluster centre should be within 1/2
1 km walking distance from each household.One of the most important things for a site is
how easily one can approach to the cluster. It is only useful if it has any access, that is,
people can reach there and they do know about the cluster. An area is said to have a goodaccessibility if transport facilities are easily and frequently available to that area from
major landmarks.
B.5) PRINCIPLES2Following are the principles of cluster design:
Facilities: the internal planning within a cluster should provide for an orderlyarrangement of all those facilities which are to be shared in common with all residents.
The grouping of the facilities should be done while keeping in view the convenience of
residents. The facilities may include school, temple, club, sport centre, etc. the location of
2Rangawala,S.C. (2003)
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such facilities should form a nucleus for the development of local social life of the cluster
unit as a whole.
Centrality: In this the highly functional areas like commercial, public offices; schools etc
are to be centrally located in the cluster so that it can be easily accessible to the residents.The cluster centre should be placed in the centre of cluster both functionally as well as
physically to provide accessibility to every individual and to bring whole of the activities
in the centre of cluster.
Uniformity: The cluster should follow the principle of uniformity i.e. uniformity in terms
of distribution of various income groups like HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS in each cluster.
Each cluster is to be planned in such way that density in each cluster remains the same.
Introvert: The planning should be done by keeping concept of introvert planning in the
mind. The commercial activities should be avoided on the outer roads and preferred in the
cluster centre to avoid bottlenecks and eliminating through traffic.
Balance & Harmony: The cluster should be in harmony with the nature. The landusesmust be compatible & in conformity with the norms and standards. Building bye-laws
should be followed in every case. No compromise with the quality of lifestyle should be
done.
Compactness: The residential units are planned in a compact form with the necessaryfacilities such as schools, parks, playgrounds and crches etc.
Safety: The layout of the streets in a cluster should ensure safety from traffic accidents toschool going children especially and the population as a whole. The cluster should be
bounded on all sides by main streets wide enough to encourage the passing of vehicles
around rather than through the unit.
Rhythm: Itis achieved when the elements of adesign create a feeling of motion whichleads theviewer's eye through or even beyond the designedarea. Tools like colour
schemes, line and form can berepeated to attain rhythm in cluster design.Rhythm reduces
confusion in the design.
Focalization: It involves the leading of visual observation toward a feature by placement
of this feature at the vanishing point between radial or approaching lines.
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B. 6)TYPES OF CLUSTER3
There are various types of clusters that are used in housing are:-
I NDEPENDENT CLUSTER:It may be defined as a cluster when surrounded from all
sides by vehicular access roads or pedestrians.
Figure 9 Independent Cluster
BACK TO BACK CLUSTER:Clusters when joined back to back will be considered asback to back cluster.
Figure 10 Back To Back Cluster
I NTERLOCKING CLUSTER:Clusters when joined at back and on sides with at least
one side of a cluster common and having some dwelling units opening onto or access from
adjacent cluster.
Figure 11 INTERLOCKING CLUSTER
CUL-DE-SAC CLUSTER:Plots / dwelling units when located along a pedestrianized or
vehicular cul-de-sac road will be considered as cul-de-sac cluster.
Figure 12 Cul-De-Sac Cluster
3National building code 2005
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CLOSED CLUSTER:Cluster with only one common entry into cluster open space.
Figure 13 Closed Cluster
OPEN CLUSTER:Cluster where open spaces linked to form a continuous open space
can be considered as open cluster.
Figure 14 Open Cluster
B.7) NORMS AND STANDARD
Norms and Standards are studied for taken for determine the requirements of various
uses of land, facilities required and services, to cater the population which covers accessibility
criteria of convenience to residents, while planning a residential area. The site undertaken for
this exercise comes in the M.C. limit of the mohali city and it has the title of mega project as
suggested by the area factor, i.e. minimum of 55.05 hectare in the guidelines of Punjab Urban
planning and Development Authority. So the norms and standards to be followed for this
exercise would be as given in the Punjab Urban Development Policies given by Punjab Urban
planning and Development Authority.
Table 1 For Plotted Development
Sr. No. Plot area (sq. Yds) Site coverage Min. Front set back Height permissible F.A.R
1 up to 100 80% 5-0 38-6 1:2.00
2 100 to 150 75% 6-0 38-6 1:1.9
3 150 to 200 70% 7-0 38-6 1:1.75
4 200 to 300 65% 10-0 38-6 1:1.65
5 300 to 500 60% 15_0 38-6 1:1.50
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6 Above 500 50% 20-0 38-6 1:1.25
Table 2 Size Of The Shops
Type Standard Size (Area) Corridor
Large shops 20 ft * 80ft (144 sq mt) 3 mt
Medium shops 16.5 ft*66 ft (100 sq mt) 3 mt
Small shops 10 ft * 30ft (28 sq mt) 3 mt
Booths 8.25 ft * 16.5 ft (11 sq mt) 2.25 mt
Mobile shop 6ft*8ft(4.46 sq mt)
Table 3 Number Of Shops
Level Formal Shops Mobile Shops
Cluster Level 4-5 Shops Per 1000
People
2 Per 1000 People
Table 4 Parking
Type ECS Required/100 sq mt Area of 1 ECS
Commercial 2 23
Table 5 For Institutional
Primary school 0.3 hec
Creche 0.05 hec
Ground coverage 40%
F.A.R. For primary school 0.75
Ht. Of primary school 8m
Minimum 25% of the site area shall be earmarked as play area.
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Table 6 For Circulation
Roads Width of road
(in mt)
Width of carrige way
(in mt)
Inner loop roads 18 8
Internal roads 12 4
Table 7 For Water Requirement
Component Requirement
Residential 135 lpcd
Commercial 45 lpcd
Institutional 45 lpcd
Parks 1.4 l/sq mt/day
Street Washing 1.5 l/ sqmt/ day
Fire fighting 1% of total
Water loss 15% of total
FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
Sewerage =80% of total water supply excluding water for fire fighting , parks and street wash
Table 8 Plot Size
INCOME GROUPS AREA (SQM)
HIG 344-434
MIG218-260
LIG 130-174
EWS 40-60
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Table 9 Water Supply
Pipe Area
(inches)
Main 12
Submain 8
Distribution 4
B5.1)Residential
5% of the area of the project shall be earmarked for EWS housing (for simplification
of calculations, area is being provided on the basis of gross project area instead of net
residential component).
10 % of the flats to be reserved for E.W.S (Constructed size of flat /apartment shall be
20 to 60 sq. mts).
The length of the each row of back to back housing should not exceed 150-170
meters.
Height of building shall be 71- 6 or as per rules (PUDA Building Rules / Local
Government Building Rules) applicable in that area, otherwise as per N.B.C.
F.A.R 1.5 or otherwise as permitted by the Empowered Committee and Ground
coverage 40 %.
Height of building should not be more than the width of front set back + width of
front road from where the entry is drawn/ proposed. Side and rear set back not less
than 30 or 1/3rd of the height of building whichever is more.
B5.2) Circulation
Internal sector roads shall be 18M and 12M wide.
Unless otherwise permitted, one entry from each side of the sector shall be allowed
with a minimum width of 18 meters.
Major inner loop within the sector shall have a minimum width of 18 meters.
Hierarchy of internal roads to be followed within the sector shall be 25 meters, 18
meters and 12 meters.
All roads will have carriage way positioned in the centre of the road reservation.
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The width of carriage way shall be as defined in the road cross-sections However, the
width of the carriage way to be followed in the internal roads shall be 10 meters in
case 25 meters wide shopping street 8 meters in case of 18 meters wide roads and 5
meters wide in case of 12 meters wide street.
Parking proposed in the setbacks shall not include the drive way for calculating the
parking space.
Convenient shops if provided shall not be on road less than 18M width.
B5.3) Parks and open spaces
Minimum 5% of the project area shall be in form of organized park /playground/green
spaces (width of the organized park / playground/green space shall not be less than 50
feet otherwise it shall not be counted in area of organized parks). This are under park /
playground/green spaces shall be in addition to open area green / ground in campus of
schools and other public building.
Minimum side of totlots should be 15 meters.
Totlots in each cluster should be at least 1/3 of the size of Cluster Park.
One Nursery cum Primary School for a population of 5000 with minimum area of 0.3
Hectare.
One crche for a population of 5000 in an area of 0.05 Hectare.
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B.8 COMPONENTS AT AREA AND FLAT LEVEL
A. AREA LEVEL
1) Blocks: Comprise of set of flats in one building having access from common staircases
and having a common parking.
2) Circulation: Passage on which movement take place either pedestrian or vehicular.
3) Parking lots: They are provided on road for the parking of vehicles-car, scooter, cycle.
4) Pedestrian pathways: For access to individual blocks.
5) Common open spaces: Open spaces are provided in front of blocks or insides for children
play and setting purposes.
6) Commercial: Some daily need shops are provided to fulfill the daily requirements at an
accessible distance.
B. FLAT LEVEL
1) Habitable room: Room which is designed for use of study, living, sleeping, eating
excluding water closet, bathrooms, laundries, corridors etc. Minimum area for a habitable
room should be 100sq.ft. and a width not less than 9. It should derive its ventilation directly
through a verandan from a street or courtyard. Minimum height of room from floor level to
ceiling should not be than 9.
2) Kitchen: Space for cooking, directly open to courtyard or outside (external wall.
Minimum area should be 64 sq.ft.
3) Parking space: An area to park vehicles.
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4) Balcony: Cantilevered horizontal projection at the floor or roof level from the wall of a
building without any vertical support.
B.9 COMPONENTS OF FLAT AND THEIR LOCATION
Table 10 Components of flat and their location
Components Location Characteristics
Living room Near entrance door 4Accessibility and privacy of
other components
Bed room Not near the entrance 5Privacy
6Avoid western sun
Kitchen Independent access
should not face toilet
7Hygienic conditions and properly
ventilated
Toilet Near bed room and living
room
8Properly ventilated
Store Near the bed room 9Convenience, safety
Balcony, verandah Should be on the sunny
side of the house
10 For comfort
B.10 ORIENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS4
i) Solar orientation
Living room SE to West
Kitchen North to South east
Bed room North east to south west
Dining area East to south west
4HUDco Concept
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Bathroom/toilet Any direction
Store North east to north without external wall
ii) Wind orientation
Maximum windows should open towards north-west direction.
iii) View orientation
Opening should towards open areas for view orientation.
B.11 FLAT DESIGNS(HUDCO DESIGN)
The flats are designed for three income groups i.e. MIG, LIG and EWS. For each
income group two prototype designs are studied and analyzed on the basis of the following
factors:
i) Cardinal direction
ii) Grouping between components
iii) Light, ventilation and dampness
iv) Circulatory space
v) External housing units
vi) Efficiency
i) MIG Flat Design
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Design I
Plinth area = 56.6 sq.m
Carpet area = 41.72 sq.m
a) Cardinal direction
Positive point: Bed room, according to direction
Negative point: Living room and kitchen are not according to cardinal direction.
b) Grouping of components
Positive point: Living room near the entrance
Negative point: W.C. near the kitchen
c) Light, ventilation and dampness
Proper light and ventilation is these in this block.
d) Circulatory space
Common circulatory space for all the flats in one block.
e) External housing units
One unit is attached to other 3 units.
Figure 15 MIG block
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f) Efficiency
70.7% is the efficiency.
Design II
a) Cardinal Direction
Positive point: Kitchen and living room are
according to cardinal direction.
Negative point: Bed room is not in right direction.
b) Grouping of Components
Negative point: W.C. near the kitchen and bed room is near the main entrance.
c) Light, Ventilation and Dampness
Proper light and ventilation is there.
d) Circulatory Space
Common circulatory space for all the flats in a one block.
e) External Housing Units
One unit is attached to other 3 unit.
f) Efficiency
Efficiency of the flat is 76.4%.
Plinth area = 44.14sq.m
Carpet area = 30.54 sq.m
Figure 16 MIG block
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ii) LIG Flat Design
Design I
Plinth area = 31 sq.m
Carpet area = 21.36 sq.m
a) Cardinal Direction
Positive point: Kitchen is placed at
appropriate position.
Negative point: Living room is not according to cardinal direction.
b) Grouping of components: Kitchen is directly opposite to NC.
c) Light, ventilation and dampness: Proper light and ventilation is there.
d) Circulatory space: Common circulatory space for all the flats in one block.
e) External housing units: One unit is attached to other 3 units.
f) Efficiency 73.6%
Design II
Plinth area 35.45 sq.mt.
Carpet area 25.36 sq.mt.
Efficiency 76.2%
Figure 17 LIG flats
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a. Cardinal direction Placement of
components are not according to
direction.
b. Grouping of components
There is no direct access from
living room and no space for balcony.
c. Common circulatory space for
all the flats in one block and heaving
proper light and ventilation.
iii) EWS Flat Design
Design I
Plinth area 19.8 sq.mt.
Carpet area 16.14 sq.mt.
Efficiency 82%
a. Positive point
Balcony is provided and WC is near the bedroom.
b. Negative point
Room and kitchen are not according to cardinal direction.
Figure 19 EWS flat
Figure 18 LIG block
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Design II
Plinth area 37 sq.mt.
Carpet area 26.11 sq.mt.
Efficiency -------------70.4%
a. Positive point
Living room and kitchen are according to cardinal direction.
b. Negative point
There is no balcony and WC is directly to opposite to kitchen.
Figure 20 EWS flat
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B12) GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1.Optimum utilization of resources
This is a very essential objective that has to be achieved as the resources are limitedespecially land, so the design should make the optimum use of the resources available.
2.Safety of residents, especially childrenMilk booth should be in the cluster itself. So that even children can easily approach
them. Tot- lots should be provided adjacent to the houses, so that the mother can keep an
eye on her children. Safe pathways should be provided for old and handicapped people.
3.Convenience to residents, especially housewivesRoads should be easily accessible for each flat or plot and mode of transportation
should be easily available at any point of time. Convenient shops should be there so that
housewives can easily approach them for their daily needs. The convenient distance is
between 1-2 km.
4.Aesthetically pleasing designVistas should be created by planting huge trees along the entrance of the cluster. The
view of the natural feature for e.g. Ponds, lake, or scene of hills can be exploited to makethe unit aesthetically pleasing. Proper landscaping with hard and soft elements should be
done so that it appeals the eyes of the residents. Swastika pattern in case of plots can be
achieved.
5.Efficient network system (Circulation & Water supply)The network system like circulation and water supply should be efficient. In case of
circulation, all the buildings should be accessible from each and every corner of the
cluster. In case of water supply, drinkable water should be available to every house present
in the cluster.
6. Healthy living environment
Pollution free environment should be enhanced. Trees such as Alstonia should be
planted along main roads to reduce noise pollution. Also jetrufa trees can be planted along
the STP for the absorption of foul smell. Buildings should be oriented as per sun,
wind and view orientation so as to provide them with proper ventilation.
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B.13GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
PLOTTED DEVLOPMENT:
1. Row housing should be provided.
2. Orientation of plots should be such that they should face minimum west sun.
3. Set- backs should be provided.
4. Plots should have access to atleast 12m wide road.
FLATTED DEVLOPMENT:
1. External privacy sholud be ensured by minimising the entrance of other units close
by or side-by side.
2. Blocks should be arranged in cul-de-sac pattern.
3. Mass space relationship should be followed in different blocks.
4. Basement parking should be provided or parking should be provided at ground floor.
CONVENIENT SHOPPING
1. Formal shops and informal shops should be provided near the cluster center.
2. Corridors and parking should be provided infront of shops.
CIRCULATION
1. Hierarchy of roads to be followed
2. T-junction to be preffered over cross junction.
3. Access roads to be provided to all the blocks.
FACILITIES AND SERVICES
1. Primary school should be placed on 18m wide road.
2. All the facilities should be placed at the center.
PARKS AND OPEN SPACES
1. Private and semi- private open spaces to be provided for plots and flats.
2. Cluster park to be placed at proper distance.
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UTILITIES
1. Hierarchy of pipes to be maintained.
2. Man holes to be placed at 30m distance.
3. Loop and dead end systems are respectively followed in sewerage and water supply
system.
Figure 21 Cul-De-Sac Pattern
Figure 22 Mass Space Relationship
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SECTIONC
SITE ANALYSIS
C1- SITE AND ITS LOCATIONA.Basis for Choosing This Cluster
Cluster 3 is choosing from the neighbourhood site. The reason is for choosing this cluster is
that the shape of the other cluster is regular so the adjustment of flats and plots would be
easier so to learn how to design an irregular shaped site, this cluster has been selected for
development. And this cluster has maximum developable area
Figure 23 Location Of Cluster In Neighbourhood Unit
B. Site Location:
The cluster 3 is a part of sector -89 which is a proposed residential area according to
mohali master plan..
The cluster 3 has been accessed from 25m wide road from inside the cluster two
side as according to zonal plan
The cluster is located in the south-west direction of the neighbourhood.
The clusters aborting landuse is also residential as it is located near sector-96 which
is a proposed residential sector..
C.Location advantage:The neighbourhood road runs partially along the cluster boundary so that cluster
could be easily accessed to Proposed road
The cluster is vicinage to neighbourhood commercial area which located near which
is highly accessible for the people of cluster for shopping.
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Neighbourhood park has been provided at 0.12 km away from the cluster so that
people could spend their leisure time.
The cluster contains 2 religious site & 1 bank which serves the whole neighbourhood
which could as help in serving the cluster.
Other components like higher secondary school is provided at 0.1km which is placed
near to the site so that it provide convenience for the students to walk to school ,
dispensary is at 0.3 km from the site so that in case of emergency patient could be
provide treatment as fast as possible.
D.Location disadvantage:1) The site is away from the sewerage treatment plant so there would a problem in
disposing sewage and it would more pipe to take the sewage this will increase the
cost of the project.
2) Side is very irregular in shape which while cause many problem while planning.
3) The location of EGS & ESS is away which problem while supplying electricity to
the site.
E. Onsite Characteristics:-
Slope of the cluster is towards SW-NE direction so the water & sewerage will flow
towards NW direction.
Presence of intra-cluster roads to connect with main neighbourhood inters cluster road
provided better accessibility to the residents.
As this is an agricultural land so the site is fit for residential development and there
will be no hindrance to the construction of housing.
As this site is irregular in shape so the problem in the shape is there.
F.SurroundingsThe cluster shares boundary with Cluster 1.
It also has neighborhood park and secondary school as its abutting boundary.
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Table 11 Surrounding of the cluster and its components direction
SURROUNDINGS DIRECTION
Senior Secondary School East
Neighbourhood Park East
Cluster 1 North-East
Community Centre South-West
Proposed Road West
G.Demographic features:Some demographic features are related to the all clusters are as following:
Distribution of Clusters
Table 12 Cluster population
Cluster population
Table 13 Demographic aspect
Area (Hec) 14.9
Avg. family size 5
Population 6900
Income Group All income groups
Cluster Area( in hec) Population
Cluster 1 4.9 2656
Cluster 2 7.8 4713
Cluster 3 14.9 6900
Cluster 4 7.4 4010
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C2 Physiographic and Climatic Details
Moreover on site features are studied to know the potential and problem of the site.
On site feature include characteristics of topography, temperature, rainfall, wind, direction,
vegetation and direction existing man made features which will be discussed with their
impact on land use m circulation, utility and landscape plan.
The study of surrounding features help in knowing the compatibility of different land uses
with the site.
1) Soil Characteristics
Soil is one of the important factors which affects the development pattern and
controls the height of buildings within the area as per the bearing capacity of the soil,moreover plantation/ landscaping in the area is determined by the soil type.The type of soil
on the site is alluvial soil. Almost in the whole city soil type is same. The soil bearing
capacity of soil is 1018 kg/cm so multi storied construction on the site is not possible,
construction only up to 4-5 storeys will be permitted in the area. Trees should be planted
along the roads, which also add to the aesthetics. Moreover, more open spaces will help to
make ground water stable.
Figure 24 Soil Characteristics
2)Rainfall
It is maximum in month of june,july and august as at this time there is a monsoon
season and minimum in the months of oct,nov,dec,and march.
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So rain water harvesting should be done in all the buildings high raining months so as
to compensate the low raining months.
Graph no. 1
3) Water table
More trees can be planted to increase in water percolation.
Also it will determine the depth of foundations of the buildings and the type of trees,
plants, shrubs and the vegetation to be planted for the composition of natural
environment in the cluster.
Sewerage water after treatment at STP can be poured in parks instead of fresh water
for the proper utilization of ground water.
Graph no. 2
4) Temperature
Buildings should be planned while considering the temperature of that area so as to
avoid the western sun. Road alignment in North West direction and fewer roads should face
east direction to avoid glare of sun. Shady trees planted along the buildings will help to
reduce temperature and make a comfortable environment. Also this data helps us to think that
what type of landscaping, trees, and plantation should be done so that effect of heat to the
building can be reduced.
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Graph no. 3
5) Wind direction
The prevalent wind direction is from North West to south east. Natural advantage of
air should be taken which will be helpful in self-cleaning of roads, promote pedestrianization
and also helps to keep environment clean and cool. Trees should be planted so that they
should not become barrier for incoming breezes.From the diagram it is clear that wind flows
in NW-SE and as per this direction placement of different components in the site will be done
as per the polluting and non polluting units. Roads can also be placed as per the wind
direction, so that self-cleaning of the roads takes place, similarly landscaping of the area will
be done keeping in mind the wind direction. I.e. to avoid unnecessary wind by planting trees
this will act as wind breakers.
Figure 25 Wind Direction
6) Sun orientation
The buildings in the area should be placed as per the sun orientation as this plays
prime role in the environment of the area. So to place different components as per sun
orientation e.g. Road facing east, west should be avoided as glare increases in the evening.
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Location of the building should be determined by the sun orientation. Maximum number of
buildings should be placed in 3060 degree north and 15-20 degree east, as this is the best
direction to place different activities in the site.
7) Humidity
So for lowering down the humidity content the planning should be done in accordance
to orientation of wind for cross ventilation.
During the months of july, august there is heavy precipitation in the area so that will
keep the moisture in air so trees with narrow leaves can be planted to absorb the
excess of moisture.
N
E
E
N
Graph no. 4 (average monthly humidity)
Figure 26 Orientation Of Plots
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SECTIOND
ASSUMPTIONS & REQUIREMENTS
D.1 ASSUMPTIONS
For residential area:
Total area of Cluster-3= 14.9 hectares (given)
Population density:300 PPH(Mohali master plan)
Average family size=5 (Mohali master plan)
D.2REQUIREMENTS
Table 14 Population Composition
Category Population
(Given) (D1)
D.U.R.
(Mohali Master Plan)
%
HIG 1910 1:1.3 30
M.I.G 2375 1:1.4 40
L.I.G 1650 1:1.3 30
E.W.S 965 1:00
Total 6900 - 100
Table 15 Assumptions for the flats
Category BlockHeight
Flats Per
Floor
Total FlatsIn One
Block
Flat
Size(Sq.
Mts)
Plot
Size(Sq.
Mts)
Dimension(Mts)
H.I.G 9 2 18 185 334 23.13X14.44
M.I.G 8 3 24 130 167 14.6X9.5
L.I.G 5 3 15 111 125 14.16X11.46
E.W.S 5 2 10 60 80 11.32X7.07
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Table 16 Demographic details
` Avg.
FamilySize
(D2)
No. OfHouseholds
(D1/D2= D3)
No.Of Plots
(Assumed)
No.Of Flats
(Assumed)
No.Of
Blocks
Area Under
Plots (Sq.mt)
Area Under Blocks(Sq.mt)
Area
(Hectares)
H.I.G 5382 58 1.3 45 334*45=15030 185*18=3330 1.83
MIG 5475 115 1.4 82 167*82=13694 130*15=1950 1.56
LIG 5330 106 1.3 81 125*81=10125 111*15=1665 1.17
EWS 5193 28 1 28 80*28=2240 60*11=660 0.29
Table 17 Covered area of blocks
Category Ground Area Under Flat
(Sq. Mt)
Circulation Space
(Sq. Mt)
20% Of Flat Area
Covered Area Of Block
(Sq.mt)
H.I.G 185*4=740 0.2*740=148 740+148=888
MI.I.G 130*4=520 0.2*520=104 520+104=624
L.I.G 111*4=444 0.2*444=88 444+88=532
E.W.S 60*4=240 0.2*240=48 240+48=288
Table 18 Land use composition
Aspect Area (Hectare) % Composition
Housing 4.85 41
Commercial 1.35 0.42
Public-Semi Public 0.24 1.23
Incidental and circulation 6.28 25.84
Organized parks 1.37 31.51
Total 14.09 100
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Table 19 Commercial area
S.NO Component No.OfShops Standards Area(sq.m)
1 Formal Sector
Area required
for 5000
people 16 1500 2070
2 Informal Sector
for 1000people ,mobileshops required 6 1 4.45
3 Area of shop 4.46 26.7
4
Area under
both sectors 2096.7
5 Parking
ECS per 100
sq mt of covered
area 2 15ECS
6
Area of
parking 23 345
Table 20 Parks and open spaces
Type Std Area std(in hec)
Cluster park 1/5000 people 0.4
Table 21 Public And Semi Public
Categories Area(In hec)
Nursery Cum Primary School 1.06
Creche 0.038
Total 1.35
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Table 22 For Water Supply
PURPOSE STANDARD ASSUMPTION REQUIREMENT (LITRES)
RESIDENTIAL 75-135 LPCD 135 LPCD 931500
CONVENIENT
SHOPS
10 LPCd 2 PERSONS IN 1 SHOP
1980
CR CHE/
SCHOOL
45 LPCD 500 CHILDREN IN ONE SCHOOL
11250
PARKS 1.4L/SQ.MT/DAY 38700 SQ. MT OF GREEN AREA50640
TOTAL995370
Water for fire fighting
= 1 % of total =9953.7
Water losses = 15 % of total =149305.5
Total water requirement =1154629.2.
Water for firefighting = 1 % of total requirement=6684.5 liters
Water losses = 15 % of total requirement =100267.5 liters
Therefore, total water requirement=106952 liters
SEWERAGE: 80% of water supply (excluding water loss, in parks, street washing and firefighting. )
=80% of 944730 =755784
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SECTIONE
SPECIFIC PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION
E.1. Housing
Back to back and row housing to be given for optimum
utilization of land.
Plots to be arranged in the swastika pattern as it ensures
safety and security.
Corner plots to be larger in size than the other plots so as to
minimize incidental open spaces and form vision triangle.
Mass space relationship to be followed. The
calculated distance between the blocks
as per the angle of 45 degree is 6m approx.
Detached and semi-detached housing also to be
provided incase of hig as they can easily afford these
plots.
Blocks to be arranged in cul-de-sac pattern with tot lot in the centre and each block
having proper access.
Maximuim plots would be facing the totlots
All residential plots will be placed along the 12m
road.
Hig blocks will be oriented at N-E direction for purpose of light according to
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).
Hig block are to be placed 10m away from roads because so that the pollution does
not effect them
according to Indian Green Building Council(IGBC)
N
E
E
N
Figure 27 Swastika Pattern
Figure 28 Cul-De-Sac Pattern
Figure 29 Block orientation
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Mig blocks to be oriented in N-W and N-E direction.
Ews blocks to be oriented in N-W direction.
E.2. Commercial
Parking space to be provided in front of shops.
45 degree parking to be provided in front of shops.
16 formal and 5 informal shop are to be provided to fulfill the daily needs of the
residents.
The shops are provided at 18m wide roads so that things are made easily accessible toall and congestion could be avoided.
E.3. Circulation
Different hierarchy of roads to be followed like 30m
wide main road, 25m wide neighborhood road, 18m
wide road emerging from the neighborhood, 15m wide
inter cluster road and 12m wide access roads.
2m footpath is to be provided for insuring the safety of
pedestrian.
Cross junctions to be minimized due to the maximum
number of conflicting points in them .
T-junctions and staggered junctions have
been preferred for the free flow of the
traffic.
Minimum junction-junction distance is 25m,
All the blocks and plots to be provided access
from sufficiently wide 12m road.
No through traffic is allowed through this area
Figure 30 T- Junction
Figure 31 Junction To Juction Distance
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E.7. Utilities
Man holes to be provided at 30m distance.
Loop pattern to be followed in case of water supply.
The hierarchy of pipes to be followed in water supply 12inch,8inch and 4 inch.
Dead end pattern are there in sewerage network.i.e.24 inch,18inch,8inch
E.8.ADOPTED FLAT DESIGNS
For different income groups, the flats are proposed as per their requirements.
A. HIG Flat Design
Figure 33 HIG FLAT ADOPTED
CONSIDERATIONS
1.Both of the bedroom are provide at backside for keeping the privacy of the two rooms.
2)Both of the rooms are provide with attach balcony with windows for light and ventilation
purpose.
Figure 32 Distance Between The Two Sewer
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3)Master bedroom has been provided with separate dressing area for dressing in front of
toilet.
4)Dining room has been located in the center and next to kitchen so that food could be served
fast.
5)Living area has been provided at the enterance so that guest could affect the privacy of the
other components of the flats.
6)The servant room has been provided with separate enterance so that it does not affect the
privacy of the whole flat.
7)The balcony has been attached with the servant room so that the servant is easily accessible
to kitchen without disturbing the living room of the flat.
B. MIG flat design
Figure 34 MIG FLAT ADOPTED
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CONSIDERATIONS
1)Both of the bedroom are provide at backside for keeping the privacy of the two rooms.
2)Both of the bedroom have been provided with attach toilet.
3)Whole flat has one long balcony so that it could be served for different purposes like drying
up of clothes and for sitting purposes.
4)One toilet has been provided with two enterance so that it could serve from both side.
5)Dining room has been located in the center and next to kitchen so that food could be served
fast and there is no delay.
6)Living area has been provided at the enterance so that guest could affect the privacy of the
other components of the flats.
7)The flat has been provide with the study room for children and also so that it could serve as
guest room in case the guest comes.
8)The kitchen is provided at the enterance so that it is convient to serve both areas living area
and dining room but always kept near to dining area.
9) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient.
C. LIG flat design
Figure 35 LIG FLAT ADOPTED
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CONSIDERATION
1)The flat is designed in a way so that it does not affect the privacy of the bedroom.
2)The toilet has been kept at the west side of the flat and provide with the two enterance so
that the toilet could be used from both sides.
3)The flat has been provided with the storeroom so that people could use this for storeage
purpose and it located at the side of the flat so that room is left undistrubed.
4)Dining room and living room are attached so that the usability of both of the rooms could
be improved.
5)Kitchen has been provided in u- shape so to increase the usability of the area.6)Kitchen has not been provide with enterance wall for reducing the tightness and kitchen
should becomes more spaces
7) One balcony has been provided near kitchen because the sun moves from east to west and
goes from via south so that area has maximum time of sun so that why there balcony has been
provided.
8) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient.
. D EWS flat design
Figure 36 Ews Flat Adopted
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CONSIDERATION1)The flat is designed in a way so that it does not affect the privacy of the bedroom.
2)The two bedroom have been provided from creating health living environment and good
environment.
3)Living area and dining area are provide together so that more area the could be saved.
4)Kitchen has been provided in u- shape so to increase the usability of the area.
5)Kitchen has not been provide with enterance wall for reducing the tightness and kitchen
should becomes more spaces.
6)Only one bathroom has been provide and in the center so that it is accessible for all rooms
7)No balcony has been provided because the balcony is not the main component of the flat to
save the costof the project no balcony has been provided here.
8) The whole flats has been provide with windows so to make the flat energy efficient and
proper ventilated
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SECTION-F
FINAL PROPOSAL
F.1 PROPOSED LANDUSE
F.1.1 RESIDENTIAL
About 34.24% of the total area is under residential use (refer map no. ). The
residential area consists of two types of dwelling unitsplots and flats.
The flats for HIG,MIG,LIG and EWS have been given along the main neighbourhood
road towards the east (Refer Map No. ). The flats have been provided in the form of blocks
where each block consists of 18 flats. The area of one block is 368 sqm. The blocks are
arranged around culs-de-sac to ensure privacy and prevent through traffic.
The mass space relationship between the blocks has been maintained as the distance
between them is kept equal to the height of the blocks. This ensures the provision of light and
ventilation to the residents thus maintaining healthy living conditions.
Area of the cluster is 17.59 hectare and developable area is 14.09 hectare.
HIG flats are provided near the neighbourhood park so
that neighbourhood park is easily accessible to them..
LIG flats are kept together with ews flats to the social
balance between them HIG plots are provided near to
cluster park
Area of plot
Income group Plot Size(sq m)
HIG 334
MIG 167
LIG 125
EWS 80
Golden mean ratio 1:1.6 has been followed in each case plot.
. The plots have access from one side only. The plots along the Figure 37 Landuse Distribution
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neighbourhood collector roads have not been given access from those roads to ensure safety
of the residents from fast moving vehicles.
F.1.2 COMMERCIALThe commercial area consists of twenty convenience shops located in the cluster
centre. These shops are of daily need items like fruits and vegetables etc.
These shops cater to the basic, everyday needs of the residents therefore they have been
located centrally so that they are easily accessible from all parts of the cluster. A pavement
has also been provided along the shopping frontage for the convenience of the people.
F.1.3 PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLICThe public/semi public component consists of a primary school and crche.
The primary school has been located centrally so that it is easily accessible from all parts of
the cluster. Only 40% of the schools are is built up. The rest of it consists of the parking and
playground. Parking has been provided inside the schools boundary so that theres no traffic
congestion when the school starts or gets over.
The crche has been provided along the school. If the parents have to drop off their
child at the crche before going to work, it is best to locate it centrally so that it is easily
accessible from all parts of the cluster. Proper parking space has been provided for the people
coming to leave their children at the crche.
F.1.4 CIRCULATION
Proper hierarchy of roads has been followed in order to have an efficient circulation
system (refer map no. ).
Proper access to the houses has been provided. Care has been taken to give the
openings of houses on one side only.
The blocks have been arranged around culs-de-sac to ensure the provision of light and
ventilation and to prevent through traffic. This is done for the safety of the residents.
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F.2 PROPOSED CIRCULATION
The road network is laid out in the grid-iron pattern. In this pattern roads run
parallel to one another and cut each other at right angles (refer map no. ).
This pattern has a lot of advantages :
(a) If a series of continuous parallel streets is provided, it results into considerable
increase in traffic capacity.
(b) It is very convenient due to its regular nature.
(c) It results in economic construction as the area between streets can be divided into
suitable rectangular plots.
(d) The wastage of land is minimized as there are no irregular portions to be left out. This
pattern is especially suitable for a flat or level site without any predominant natural features.
Proper hierarchy of the roads is followed according to their function and width.
Table 23 Width Of the Roads
Road Width (in meters)
Inter Cluster (V3) 25
Intra cluster (V4) 18
Access Roads (V5) 10
Pathways (V6) 3
The provision of roads in a hierarchical order results in an efficient and smooth flow
of traffic.
Only two entries have been provided into the cluster from the neighbourhood roads in
an effort to discourage through traffic and hence to ensure the safety of residents (refer map
No. ).The blocks have been arranged around culs-de-sac. The advantages of culs-de-sac are
:
(a) They afford a reasonable amount of privacy to homes.
(b) They provide quiet and healthy sites for homes.
(c) They facilitate the preparation of a layout consisting of irregularly shaped plots of
land.
(d) They reduce the nuisance of dust, noise and the danger of through traffic to aminimum
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F.3 PROPOSED UTILITY NETWORKS
The water supply network is laid out in the grid iron pattern along the road network
(refer map no. ). Pipes are connected at intervals at streets intersections. Water is supplied
from OHR present in neighbour hood park.
Table 24 For diaii meter of sewerage
Pipe Dia (in)
Supply main 24
Sub main 18
Service Pipe 8
The supply mains are the pipes which carry water from a pumping station or reservoir
to another main. A supply main should not be used for supplying water to the consumers
directly.
Sub mains form the links between supply mains and service pipes which are used to
supply water to the house or consumers meter.
Supply mains should be laid with a cover to provide protection from the
superimposed loads due to traffic.Water supply is provided from the underoverhead reservoir in Cluster A.
The system of sewerage is provided. In this system one sewer is provided for
the removal of sewage and sullage. A separate drainage system is laid down for rain water
for rain water harvesting.
The sewerage / drainage system is laid down according to the slope of the site which
is towards south of the area.
Manholes are provided at a distance of 150 m to provide access for inspection and
cleaning.
The electricity and telephone lines are laid underground to avoid mesh of wires which
can result in a bad visual impression and unsafe conditions due to short circuiting etc.
The streetlights are provided at a distance of 20 m and all the lights are solar lights.
The streets should be properly illuminated by street lights to enable the vehicles and
pedestrians to move safely on streets and to discourage illegal actions and anti-social
activities.
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Figure 38 Cross Section Of The Water And Sewage
F.4 PROPOSED LANDSCAPING
Trees like barna, bara campa have been planted along roads so that they get maximum
shade (refer map no. ).
Trees like Gulmohur and Amaltas have been planted in parks and tot-lots due to their
aesthetic value. Asoka trees are planted along the pathways in parks and tot-lots.
Gulmohar
A medium sized, fast growing tree with an umbrella like crown of finely cut, bright
green foliage and beautiful red flowers (refer table no. ).
Amaltas
A moderate-sized tree with long brown fruits. It bears beautiful yellow coloured
hanging flowers. This has given it the name of Golden Shower (refer table no. ).
Ashoka
A beautiful, evergreen shady tree. Usually planted to define pathways etc.Poplar trees have
been planted in the buffer as they have big leaves and can absorb noise pollution.
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Table 25 Foliage Of The Trees
NAME OFTREES FOLLIAGE(FT) HEIGHT(FT) CHARACTERSTICS
ALSTONIA 15 25 SHADY
BARNA 20 20SHADYORNAMENTAL
ASHOKA 3 18 ORNAMENTAL
GULMOHAR 20 25 ORNAMENTAL
AMALTAS 15-20 25-30 ORNAMENTAL
BARACAMPA 18 2 ORNAMENTAL
The parks and tot-lots have been provided with opportunities for both active
and passive recreation. Benches have been given for sitting and pathways have been given for
e walking. Swings, slides etc. have been provided for the children to play.
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APPENDIX-I
TERMINOLOGIES
Amenities: Means Roads, Streets, Open Spaces, Parks, Recreational Grounds, Play-
grounds, Gardens, Water Supply, Electric Supply, Street Lighting, Drainage,
Sewerage, Public Works And Other Utilities, Communication Network, Surface And
Convenience.
(Arnold Whitik Encyclopedia Of Urp)
Apartments: Apartment/Flats shall means residential buildings constructed in a
detached or semi-detached manner being designed as ground floor plus more upper
floors and constructed as separated dwelling unit with common staircase. (Arnold
whitik Encyclopedia of urp)
Building line :the line up to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or anextension of street or on a future street may lawfully extend.
Block : A building containing several separate flats , each with an independent entry
approached from a common interference, staircase, lift, or balcony, and sharing other
services and services.
(Encyclopedia Of Urp)
Built Up Area : An area occupied by buildings, where system of street light is
required. (Arnold whitik Encyclopedia Of Urp)
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Back To Back Housing :Kind of housing in which two row housing lines are joined
from back and side walls are shared with surrounding structures
(S.K. Kulshrestha)
Clusters : A group of generally up to maximum 20 plots or dwelling units arranged
around a group open space.
(S.K. Kulshrestha)
Corner Site- A site located at the junction of and fronting on two or more intersecting
roads. (S. K. Kulshrestha)
Cul-de-sac cluster- A dead end street with appropriately designed area at the end for
turn around. (S. K. Kulshrestha)
Convenient Shops : Shops selling convenience goods and located within walking
distance.
(By S K Kulshrestha,
Dictionary Of Urp)
Conceptual Plan : A preliminary plan/ design giving the schedule of requirements,
general approach, and alternative concepts / solutions for the consideration of the
client and his comments and suggestions. (By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary OfUrp)
Circulation :It provides linkages between different land uses. The single most
important element in the city affecting residential area of the cites is the pattern of
street layout. Road hierarchy to be followed is sub arterial, collector road and access
road.
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Group Housing Housing for more than one Dwelling unit, where land is owned
jointly (as in the Case of co-operative societies or the public agencies, Such as local
authorities or housing boards, etc) and The construction is underta$+n by one agency.
( National Building Code Of India 2005 )
Landscape : Comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical
elements of landforms, water bodies such as rivers, lakes and the sea, living elements
of land cover including vegetation, human elements including land uses, building and
structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.
(By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)
Junction : A place serving as an interchange point where two or more roads meets.
(By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)
Parking : A place open or covered owned by a local body , private agency or an
individual , used for parking of vehicles with or without parking charges.
(By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)
Residential Area : Residential area constitutes the basic issue of the urban system,
occupying the major part of the town territory and forming the environment in which
the urban population spends most of his life.
(MC BRANCH )
Totlot : An outdoors or safe play facility for children of less than 10 years of age ,
located in a residential area serving a population of about 250 persons.
(By S K Kulshrestha, Dictionary Of Urp)
Utilities : The basic public services like water supply, sewerage, drainage and
electricity supply in a settlement. (ByS. Kulshrestha,
Dictionary Of Urp)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Birdie G.S., Birdie J.S., (1992); Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering.
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
CPHEEO, Manual on water supply and treatment, Ministry of works and
housing, New Delhi.
Davis Earnest(1952), Transport Planning Practice, E. Arnold and Co.
London,.
Kulshrestha. S.K. (2006) Dictionary of Urban And Regional Planning. Kalpaz
Publishers, New Delhi.
Kadyali, L.R. (2008). Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning, Khanna
Publishers, Delhi.
Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K.. Road side plantation, urban and rural planning
through, Vol-1(2) School of Town and country planning, New Delhi.
Richard utter man(1991) , Cluster planning and cluster housing, London
Gallion.A.B. (1984) The Urban Pattern,C.B.S.Publishers, New Delhi William h. Whyte (2005), Cluster planning, London
http/:www. Wikipedia/drainage pattern/org.
http/:www.eldoradocountyweather.com