US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Cloud Apps
Page 1
• Cloud apps are not new • But they have been transactional• Cloud video is solved (buffered)• Cloud interactive Graphics
Intensive Applications – (GIAs) –much harder
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
GIAs have been Tethered and Inflexible
Page 2
You want to interact with a powerful graphics app on BYOD or location independent. But:• Supercomputer interactivity has
required presence• Or you can watch it
o No real-time controlo Limited remote function
• You can use cloud benefits of resources, but no cloud benefits of computer/device-independence or use-anywhere
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2004A 2005A 2006A 2007A 2008A 2009A 2010A 2011A 2012A 2013A 2014E
GIA
Clo
ck S
peed R
equirem
ents
2 (M
Hz)
% o
f D
evic
es C
apable
of
Handlin
g G
IAs
1Growing Number of Devices Unable to Meet
Increasing Processor Demands of GIAs
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Source: Gartner Reports
1. Calculated based on desktop and laptop shipments as a percentage of total device shipments, which include mobile phones, laptops, desktops, tablets and ultra mobiles
2. Based on system requirements of AutoCAD in respective years
Growing GIA Requirements vs. Decreasing Device Capability
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Two Myths (Among others)
Page 4
• Defies laws of physics
• Prohibitive cost ($89B !?!?)
US, EU, International Patents, Patents PendingPage 5
Simple Enough…Cloudifying GIAs requires:
• Encoding: quality and speed• Performance on user’s network • Reliable and fast input • Cloudify any as-yet-unclouded resources
• Motherhood:
Operational Reliability Global
Any End-User-Device Standard Equipment
Any Broadband Network Secure
US, EU, International Patents, Patents PendingPage 6
Display
DecodeNetwork (down)Encode
Application Pipeline
Input
180ms end-to-end
Latency is a Budget
MYTH: If I had zero-time encoder, I will be done TCP hurts; we use UDP – why?
Network (up)
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Reality Bites…
Page 7
• Networks are certainly imperfect. • Wired networks are lossy too.• DSL, cable, managed networks: all different.• Different vendors have different network behavior.• Wireless networks differ greatly.
• It’s not always obvious what matters, sometimes app-specific• Video harder, audio more immediately noticeable. Audio tricks don't
translate well for video.• Framerate vs. resolution vs. colorspace vs. smoothness vs. ….
• You can’t lose any input events.• Fix/anticipate/prevent/ignore errors.
• Some app virtualizations are hard.
• Your Mileage Will Vary
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Packet Loss is Real
MYTH: It’s all about the bandwidth. Note: LTE Low Latency profile is fast but “best effort”
Observed Sep/2014, consumer game service, all carriers, US only• 25% of sessions have ≥ 1.5% packet loss• 10% of sessions have ≥ 7.5% packet loss
Observed July-Aug 2014, sessions believed to involve WiFi• 35.9% of sessions have ≥ 1% loss peaks• 19.7% of sessions have ≥ 5% loss peaks• 14.1% of sessions have ≥ 10% loss peaks
DSL: impulse noise?Cable: neighborhood congestion?WiFi, cellular, & last 10 feet: everything?Fiber: ???Internet: routing and TCP practices
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US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
Impact of Packet Loss on QoSUsability across Bandwidth Ranges as a Function of Packet Loss
Source: Based on testing of publicly available sources
Packet Loss
Page 9
Packet Loss
Packet Loss Packet Loss
Packet Loss
App is usable and responsive to user input;
User experience is good / acceptableApp responsiveness / video quality is no
longer acceptable; App is not usable
App stops working altogether;
App session fails
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
Packet Loss
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
Packet Loss
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
12 Mbps
7 Mbps
5 Mbps
3 Mbps
Packet Loss
Note: Hitching is present at all data-rates. Cells
marked in yellow are "distracting" levels of hitching.
C4
C1
C2
C3
C5
C6
C7
App Fails
Session Fails
Good/Acceptable
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
7Mbps 5Mbps 4Mbps 2Mbps
OnLive Competitors
Bandwidth’s Impact on QoS
WiFi Wired LTE
% of Real World Connections Supported with Good Performance (30fps)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
45Mbps 12Mbps 7Mbps 5Mbps 4Mbps 2Mbps
OnLive Competitors
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
45Mbps 12Mbps 7Mbps 5Mbps 4Mbps 2Mbps
OnLive Competitors
Source: Based on testing of publicly available sources
Others OthersOthers
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US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Making Interactive Video Streams Truly Instant
Page 11
Musts:• Immediate error-free input• Immediate output (latency, not bandwidth) - audio & video• Fix/anticipate/prevent/ignore errors • Eliminate round trips• Be smart about network routing
Device agnostic, secure, accessible, etc…
MYTH: Scaling and tenancy
No Magic: App Needs * Count ≤ avail resources
US, EU, International Patents, Patents Pending
Making it Work
Page 12
• There’s no Silver Bullet
• Lots of potentially killer little problems
• It’s Possible!