Download - Clothing and Textile Lectures
Clothing and Textile
Learning Objective
At the end of this topic, the students will be able to • Define term textile and know brief history• Classify different types of fibers and yarns• Know what textile products to select for specific
uses in their day to day life• Identify the fabric construction and finishes given to
each type of clothing textile• Care of textile products
Brief History• Textiles date back to the Stone Age around 100,000
years ago whereas cotton use dates back to 5,000 B.C.
• Silk Road in ancient world = a way to sell textiles
• Although simple clothing was worn at first, dyeing methods developed and clothing started to become more elaborate
• Ancient Egypt = flax• Ancient India = cotton• Ancient China = silk• Ancient Japan = hemp, method of weaving,
cloth made from bark fibers
Flax
Cotton
Silk
What is a Textile?• A textile is a flexible material comprised of a
network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibers, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn.[1] Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing
Classification and identification of textile fibers
Textile is classified :1. Based on source2. Based on lenght3. Based on the contentTextile can be identified:1. By Feel2. By Lenght3. By Lustre4. By Texture
Two types of Fiber based on Source
1. Natural fibers – they are obtained from nature
a. vegetable fibers ( cellulose)
e.g. Abaca, Sisal, Buri
b. animal fibers (protein)
e.g. Wool
c. mineral fibers
e.g. Asbestos
Comparison between Animal and Vegetable Fibers
Vegetable Fiber Animal Fiber
Vegetable fibers are strong with a crisp feel
Animal fibers are soft to feel
Good heat Poor heat
Non resilient and crease easily Stronger wet when dry
Stronger when wet than dry Absorbent
Moth proof Attacked by moths
Affected by mildew in damp conditions Not affected by mildew easily
Can be bleached Damaged by sunlight& alkalis
Not harmed by alkalis Affected by chlorine bleach
Affected by acids
A. Vegetable Fiber
• Vegetable fibers are obtained from plant cells
Category Description
Seed fiber Fibers collected from seeds or seed cases. e.g. cotton and kapok
Leaf fiber Fibers collected from leaves. e.g., sansevieria, fique, sisal, banana and agave.
Bast fiber
Fibers are collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of their respective plant. These fibers have higher tensile strength than other fibers. Therefore, these fibers are used for durable yarn, fabric, packaging, and paper. Some examples are flax, jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, ramie, rattan, and vine fibers.
Skin Fiber
Fruit fiber Fibers are collected from the fruit of the plant, e.g. coconut (coir) fiber.
Stalk fiber
Fibers are actually the stalks of the plant. E.g. straws of wheat, rice, barley, and other crops including bamboo and grass. Tree wood is also such a fiber.
1. Cotton• This fibre is obtained
from the seeds of cotton plant, which grows 1-2 meters tall .
Advantages Limitations
Can be dyed easily Cotton creases easily
Good conductor of heat Tends to shrink when washed
Durable since fibre is strong Sheds lint
Easily dry- cleaned. Prone to mildew attacks
Good absorbency power Flammable
Textured effects are easily available. Damaged by acids
Highly versatile Takes longer time to dry
Processed into wide range of fabrics When exposed to sunlight it turns yellow
2. Linen
• This fiber is obtained from the stem of the flax plant .This is an annual plant growing maximum about 40 inches.
Advantages Limitations
More durable than cotton Creases & shrinks easily
Withstands constant washing Prone to mildew attacks
Soil is easily removed from this It does not have good affinity for dyes
Easy to laundry Takes long time to dry
Stronger when in wet condition Linen is flammable
Not affected by sunlight It is expensive
Good conductor of heat
Can withstand high ironing temperatures
3. Jute
• Obtained from stems of jute plant
Advantages Limitations
Inexpensive & can be blended with other fibres
weak & non-durable
It resists water, fire, mildew and rot
difficult to bleach
It dyes easily difficult to laundry
4. Ramie - obtained from stems of plant, it is a woody fibre , it is also known as china grass & is used for making rope, twine, sacking & nets.
5. Hemp - obtained from stems of plant & is used for manufacturing carpets & rags, its used to to make sacks & canvas
6. Sisal - obtained from the leaves of a plant, resembles cactus .it is used to make twine , rope, sacking& nets
7. Kapok - obtained from seeds of the cotton tree& are smooth & light, it is used for filling of cushions.
8. Coir and Pina - obtained from coconut husk and leaves of pineapple plants, used in making rope & mats, also used for stuffing upholstered furniture's
and for making bags
B. Animal Fiber
• Animal fibers generally comprise proteins such as collagen, keratin and fibroin; examples include silk, sinew, wool, catgut, angora, mohair and alpaca.
Category Description
Animal hair (wool or hairs)
Fiber or wool taken from animals or hairy mammals. e.g. sheep's wool, goat
hair (cashmere, mohair), alpaca hair, horse hair, etc.
Silk fiberFiber secreted by glands (often located near the mouth) of insects during the
preparation of cocoons.
Avian fiber Fibers from birds, e.g. feathers and feather fiber.
1. Wool
• Obtained from fleece of sheep
• Wool is graded under 4 classes: fine, medium, long & carpet wools
Advantages Limitations
Comfortable for wear Takes long time to dry
Dyes easily Weak fibers
Does not soil easily Stretches easily
Can be laundered easily Good quality is expensive
Flameproof damaged by moth
Shrink proof May produce allergic reaction to skin
Moth resistant
2. Silk
• The finest quality of raw silk is obtained from the cocoon of the bombyx mori, a type f silkworm
Advantages Limitations
Soft feel & lustre Silk is weakened by sunlight
Elegant to look at Becomes weaker when wet
Strongest natural fibre Weakened at high temperatures
Bad conductor of heat Sensitive to acid
White silk can be bleached Very costly
C. Mineral Fiber
• Asbestos is a natural mineral fibre • It is obtained from rocks• It is acid proof , rust proof & flame proof• Can withstand extreme temperatures• It is used for making fire fighting suits
2. Manmade fibers –they are obtained in various waya. re-generated
e.g art silkb. semi-synthetic
e.g Acetate/ Diacetate/ Lyocell/ Modal/ Rayon/ Triacetatec. synthetic
Mineral Glass e.g Carbon/ Tenax/ Basalt/
Metallic Polymer
e.g Nylon/ Polyester/ Spandex