![Page 1: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cloning Livestock – progress and problems
Ian Lewis, MVSc, PhD
Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University
Pacific Biotechnologies Pty Ltd
![Page 2: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OUTLINE OF TALK
• Reasons for cloning livestock
• Hurdles to overcome
• Underlying causes of abnormalities commonly associated with cloning
• An Australian story
![Page 3: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Reasons for cloning livestock
• improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy
• improving the product - consumer
• GM – producing human medicines and vaccines in milk, increasing disease resistance in animals
- human and animal health
• research into basic cell biology- what makes cells tick
![Page 4: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(b) Help to keep farmers efficient
![Page 5: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
[main menu]•Consumer interest
(a) Improved product for consumer
![Page 6: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The public and consumers decide
•Public understanding of the pros and cons- information
[main menu]
![Page 7: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Integrated technology platform for animal production
• dairy• beef• sheep Identify genes of economic
importance in production animals
• lactation• meat/wool traits • new “ bioactives”• feed conversion efficiency• fertility• mastitis • disease/parasite resistance• etc
Utilize genetic knowledge to improve products and profitability on Australianfarms
more efficient methods to increase frequency of economically importantgenes?
non-genetic means “traditional” breeding methods
• management- feeding, - milking practices
• artificial insemination, • embryo transfer • +/- MAS/GAS • cloning, +/- GM
• +/- MAS/GAS
![Page 8: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why?
• Successful commercial cloning would have significant (future) implications in agriculture:
• Many production traits are only 25% heritable or less.
– dairy cows
- beef and dairy bulls
• Multiplying animals which are outstanding performers in a particular environment
![Page 9: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cloning
– How?
![Page 11: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
[main menu]
![Page 12: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cloning – how?
[main menu]
Embryo splitting
![Page 13: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cloning - how?
Fuse cells withelectric current
Mature in laboratory (~24 hrs)Nucleus (genes)removed
Cow egg - from ovary
Culturein laboratory
Embryo for transfer or forfreezing
New cloned embryo(with desired genes)
Millions of donor cells with desired genes (from elite animal).Cells may be genetically modified at this point
[main menu]
Nuclear transfer
![Page 14: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cloned embryos for:
• immediate transfer or• freezing for latertransfer
Transfer to surrogate cows
Offspring may be genetically modified
• secrete valuable human proteins in their milk• have increased disease resistance• have increased nutraceutical valueeg. extra protein in the milk, improved carcasscharacteristics
Offspring may be:
genetically identicalto a proven eliteanimaleg. proven elite bullor cow
Offspring in 9 months
How?
[main menu]
![Page 15: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GM (genetic modification/trangenesis)
• Traditionally by pronuclear microinjection
• Now routinely done using cloning technology
![Page 16: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Transgenics(GMOs)
[main menu]
![Page 17: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
[main menu]
gene for producing human pharmaceutical
human medicine extracted from milk
cow genome
Cloning as a platform for genetic modification
![Page 18: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
[main menu]
insulin gene
Insulin for diabetics (now)
bacteria(E.coli)
![Page 19: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Current efficiencies with cloning:
• Since the arrival of Dolly, thousands of apparently healthy and fertile cloned animals derived from somatic cells have been born worldwide.
• However, the overall efficiency of the technology remains disappointingly low with less than 1% of cloned embryos developing into live, healthy offspring.
(certain cell lines can give much betteroutcomes than the average)
![Page 20: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Some abnormalities observed from cloning:
• decreased implantation rates
• higher foetal loss to term following implantation;
• placental abnormalities;
• hydrallantois;
• large offspring syndrome (LOS);
• increased peri-natal morbidity and mortality (bacterial infection, lack of post-natal vigour and lymphoid hypoplasia).
![Page 21: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cloning
• Recently, much of the interest and investment in cloning has waned for a number of reasons.
• There are significant impediments that must be overcome to realize the potential opportunities that the technology offers.
1. Public perception****- societal concerns surrounding cloning technologies, animal welfare issues and regulatory requirements
2. Biological - less than 1% of cloned embryos give rise to healthy offspring - unacceptably high percentage of abnormal offspring born.
3. Technical - low efficiency of the technology
![Page 22: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1. Societal issues and public perception
• Demonstrate products from cloned animals are safe to eat
- Japanese study (2004)- FDA/USDA ruling (due 2006)
• Inform public about technologies- free choice
• Solve some of the biological problems- healthy animals
![Page 23: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Research and development
![Page 24: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2. Biological problems
![Page 25: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cloning - how?
Fuse cells withelectric current
Mature in laboratory (~24 hrs)Nucleus (genes)removed
Cow egg - from ovary
Culturein laboratory
Embryo for transfer or forfreezing
New cloned embryo(with desired genes)
Millions of donor cells with desired genes (from elite animal).Cells may be genetically modified at this point
[main menu]
Nuclear transfer
![Page 26: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SEGMENT OF DNA (GENE)
RNA
transcription
translation
PROTEIN
Transcription blocked= gene silenced
- by transcription factors(genetic mechanisms)
- by epigenetic mechanisms
![Page 27: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EPIGENETICS
- the study of HERITABLE (inherited) changes in gene function,
(epi: outside or above)
that cannot be explained by changes in DNA structure (sequence)
![Page 28: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
methyl groups
(methylationacetylation,phosphorylation)
DNA
Histone core
![Page 29: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
DNA: The code for life
cell
chromosome
AT
CG
Faulty epigenetic reprogrammingresponsible for most problems seen with cloning
![Page 30: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Technical problems
Traditional cloning methods are technically difficult and time consuming
![Page 31: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AN AUSTRALIAN STORY
![Page 32: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
MONASH INSTITUTE OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Prof Alan TrounsonProf Michael HollandAndrew FrenchIan LewisGabor VajtaOrly Lacham KaplanTeija PeuraRob Daniels Vanessa HallDavid PushettNatasha KorfiatisMelissa CooneyKatrina WilsonMaria DiamenteNatalie AlexopoulosMark Lane
GENETICS AUSTRALIA CO-OPERATIVE
Mr Bernie Harford CEOIan LewisSandy McClintockRenee HodgsonShara DownieDavid NationLydia AcciaritoMalinda EganAlison CassarJohn OwensPat TooheyBill ShanahanMichael RyanPeter ColemanAndrew Harford
VICTORIAN INSITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
Dr Chris Langford (Dir.)Kurt ZuelkeKevin NicholasSonia MailerRachel O’Dowd
DAIRY CRC
Dr Paul Donnelly CEODan MinchinMichael HollandSusan CummingAnne Salt
MEAT AND LIVESTOCK AUSTRALIA
Dr Len Stevens (Man.)
DAIRY RESEACH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION(NOW DAIRY AUSTRALIA)
Dr Joe Sullivan CEOTom DavisonDavid ConleyJohn CravenRob MortonDavid Nation
![Page 33: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Simplifying the technical aspects of cloning
Traditional cloning methods are:
• complicated• time-consuming• require expensive equipment • require highly skilled labour
![Page 34: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
HAND MADE CLONING Produce equivalent resultsto traditional methods- simple
- quick“HAND MADE CLONING” PATENT
Lewis IM, Vajta G, Tercirlioglu T (2001)
International Patent. A method of nuclear transfer. PCT/4AU02/00491.
- inexpensive equipment
- no highly skilled labour
![Page 35: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
somatic cells
demi-cytoplast “dipped” in PHA
![Page 39: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
electrofusion wire
electrofusion wire
cytoplast-somatic cell-cytoplast triplets
5 minutes post-fusion 10 minutes post-fusion
![Page 40: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The 4 years of clone line testingThe 4 years of
clone line testing
Produce cloned
embryos(including
crossbreds)
Clone females Clone females are matedare mated
Find the best cows
anywhere in the world (including
crossbreds)Distribute
cloned embryos.
(200 per lineand 100
lines)
Clone females Clone females start milking
Pick the lines (including
crossbreds) which make the
best cloned females for
extensive use
Year 0Year 0Year 0Year 0
Year 1Year 1
Year 2Year 2Year 3Year 3
Calves are Calves are bornborn
Year 4Year 4
![Page 42: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Suzi and Mayzi:Australia’s first clones
![Page 43: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Rameses II
Daughter of RamesesRameses
![Page 44: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
“Extra protein” (GM) cloned calves
![Page 45: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Total beef cattle numbers>25 million
Total dairy cattle numbers>2 million
Tropic of Capricorn
>12 million beef cattle
Rock-hampton
![Page 47: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Potential use of cloned bulls at current efficiencies
Breeding units
Multiplierherds
Commercialherds
Limited use of cloned bulls here?(already use AI)
Good potential here?- cost effective andrelatively large market
Potential here only when efficient, low cost production of cloned bulls is possible
![Page 48: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• It has been established by our groupand others that certain cell lines give much betteroutcomes when used for cloning than others
• The ability to select those cell lines that produce thebest outcomes for use in cloning significantlyincreases efficiencies and reduces costs
![Page 49: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• We have demonstrated that combining selection ofparticular cell lines that produce “good” cloning outcomeswith
• the simplified “hand made cloning” technologies described, together with other novel procedures such as automated oocyte harvesting developed by the group over 12 years
• Healthy cloned animals can be generated for$5,000 to $10,000 each (taking all “failures” into account)
![Page 50: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• This is approaching the levels of efficiencies requiredfor commercial cloning of bulls for the northern Australian beef herd
• However, societal and animal welfare issues remain significant limitations
![Page 51: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Rameses
THANKS FOR LISTENING
![Page 52: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Therapeutic cloning
![Page 53: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Trophoblast cells( placenta)
Inner cell mass cells ( foetus)
![Page 54: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Therapeutic cloning
Inner cell mass cells (foetus)
ES cells(totipotent)
Trophectoderm(placenta)
- cultured under appropriate conditions can give rise to embryonic stem (ES) cells(mice and primates only)
Embryonic stem cells cultured under appropriate conditions can,theoretically, give rise to all cell and tissue types
Pancreatic cells
Heartcells
Mature nervecells
![Page 55: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Summary• Advanced breeding technologies such as IVF and cloning,
aim to improve on traditional animal breeding technologies(including AI) that have been used to successfully increaseproduction efficiencies through genetic improvement.
• There is still some way to go before these newer technologies are efficient enough to achieve these aims
• Over the coming years, the practical use of technologies such as IVF and cloning will increase as there is increased understanding of:
- the genome and how genes interact with each other and with the environment,
- marker assisted selection (MAS) and gene assisted selection (GAS)
![Page 56: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Why Clone Cattle?
• Selective animal breeding- animals that are more productive and healthy- improved production efficiency.
• Natural mating.• Artificial insemination/embryo transfer/IVF• Cloning
[main menu]
![Page 57: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
AI technology
30% gain in 30 years
cloning technology
30% gain in 10years
Why Clone Cattle?
Years
% GeneticGain
10 30
30%
[main menu]
![Page 58: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Why Clone Cattle?
•Current AI technology is 50 years old.
•Only get half the genetic package.
[main menu]
![Page 59: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The 4 years of clone line testingThe 4 years of
clone line testing
Produce cloned
embryos(including
crossbreds)
Clone females Clone females are matedare mated
Find the best cows
anywhere in the world (including
crossbreds)Distribute
cloned embryos.
(200 per lineand 100
lines)
Clone females Clone females start milking
Pick the lines (including
crossbreds) which make the
best cloned females for
extensive use
Year 0Year 0Year 0Year 0
Year 1Year 1
Year 2Year 2Year 3Year 3
Calves are Calves are bornborn
Year 4Year 4
![Page 60: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
DNA: The code for life
cell
chromosome
AT
CG
![Page 61: Cloning Livestock – progress and problems · Reasons for cloning livestock • improving productivity – for the farmer and the economy • improving the product - consumer •](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022041902/5e61641191eb7277aa39c43e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
DNA methylation is the major epigenetic system in mammals and is essential for normaldevelopment.
(Acetylation and phosphorylation also play a role)
Gabriela Cezar (2003) Cloning and Stem Cells 5, 165-180
The addition of methyl groups to DNA is normally associated with the silencing(switching off) of genes