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Classification ofOrganismsTaxonomy
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History of Classification
▪ Aristole, 384-322 B.C. classified what he could see. NO microscopes
▪ Carol Linneus, 1707-1778- devised the Hierarchical system ofgrouping organisms known as Linnean classification
▪ This area of study is always changing based on new data such as DNAgenetic data
▪ Binomial Nomenclature-species receive a scientific name – Genus species
– Ex. Ursus articos (Polar Bear)
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The 6 Kingdoms of Life
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ARCHAEBACTERIA
▪ Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles, Psychrophiles
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation
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EUBACTERIA
▪ Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green algae), Actinobacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction
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PROTiSTA
▪ Organisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, slime molds
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion.
Reproduction: Mostly asexual reproduction. Meiosisoccurs in some species.
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FUNGI
▪ Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, molds
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Absorption
Reproduction: Asexual or sexualreproduction occur.
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PLANTAE
▪ Organisms: Mosses, angiosperms(flowering plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Photosynthesis
Reproduction: Some species reproduce asexually by mitosis. Other species exhibit sexual reproduction.
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ANIMALIA
▪ Organisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Ingestion
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction, with some exceptions…
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Words with overlapping meanings
▪ Taxonomy
▪ Systematic biology
▪ Systematics
▪ Biosystematics
▪ Scientific classification
▪ Biological classification
▪ Phylogenetics
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Cladogram
▪ represents the evolutionary relationships among a set of organisms or groups of organisms, called taxa
▪ the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendants
▪ Described by derived charateristics
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Phylogeny = Evolutionary Tree