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Classification of Life
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Taxonomy: Def: branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history
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Systems of Classification Early systems
• Aristotle ex: plants vs animals
-> land vs air vs water * bat/mosquito * mouse/ant
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• Common names -too confusing ex: bell pepper = green
pepper
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Binomial Nomenclature (1700’s) 1) Linnaeus a) focus on morphology (physical similarities)
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2) 2-part method of naming organisms #1 = genus (latin translation of common
name)
#2 = species identifier a.k.a. species epithet (adjective, location, discoverer)
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3) examples: a) Homo sapien Homo= latin for human sapien = latin for wise
* Genus is capitalized * italics or underlined b) Panthera leo c) Chaos chaos
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4) sub-species a) sometimes a 3rd name is used
for variations of species that occur in different geographic areas
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Modern Techniques - Phylogeny
a) family tree showing
evolutionary history -see pg 282-283 b) based on anatomy (physical
characteristics) ex: insect & mammalian legs
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ex: bones
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Embryonic development a) blastopore ex: echinoderms &
vertebrates digestive system development more alike
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b) embryos of different species similar
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Chromosomes a) DNA analysis ex: 1. karyotypes (#) 2. similarities between
regions i3. chimps & people…5mya
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Levels of classification Kingdom general Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species specific
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3 Domains 1) bacteria - prokaryotic cells ex: no membrane bound
nucleus 2) archae - prokaryotes ex: no membrane bound
nucleus 3) eukaryotes - cells with nucleus
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6 Kingdom system 1) Kingdoms: Bacteria- Archaea- Protists- Fungi- Plants- Animals-
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2) based on cell type, # cells, cell wall material, nutrition, primary means of reproduction
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Kingdom Cell type # Cells Cell wall Nutrition Reproduction
Bacteria prokaryote unicellular peptidoglycan autotroph & heterotroph
asexual
Archaea prokaryote unicellular no peptidoglycan; sometimes no cell wall
autotroph & heterotroph
asexual
Protista eukaryote unicellular & multicellular
cellulose; sometimes none
autotroph & heterotroph
asexual & sexual
Fungi eukaryote unicellular & multicellular
chitin heterotroph sexual
Plantae eukaryote multicellular cellulose autotroph & heterotroph
sexual
Animalia eukaryote multicellular no cell wall heterotroph sexual