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Classical Swine Fever
Pathological and histopathological findings
Prof. S. Perl
Head, Division of Pathology, KVI
Presentation for meeting of
District Veterinary Officers & clinicians
24.03.09
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Classical swine fever• Classical swine fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera,
is a highly contagious multisystemic, hemorrhagic, viral disease of swine caused by a PESTIVIRUS of the Flaviviridae family
• The disease affects domestic and wild pig populations. Severity ranges from mild to severe, causing a large number of deaths in affected herds
• Clinical signs: fever, redness of the skin, incoordination, diarrhea and pneumonia
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Classical swine fever- forms
• Acute form
• Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
• Widespread petechiae and ecchymoses,
especially in the skin, lymph nodes, larynx,
bladder, kidney and ileocecal junction
• Multifocal infarction of the margin of the spleen
is characteristic but not always present
• Enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes
• Encephalomyelitis with perivascular cuffing
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Classical swine fever
• Chronic form
• Button ulcers in the cecum and large intestine
• Generalised depletion of lymphoid tissue
• Hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions are often
absent
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Classical swine fever
• Congenital form • Central dysmyelinogenesis
• Cerebellar hypoplasia
• Microencephaly
• Pulmonary hypoplasia
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Classical swine fever
• Differential diagnosis
• African swine fever
• Infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus
• Salmonellosis
• Erysipelas
• Acute pasteurellosis
• Other viral encephalomyelitis
• Streptococcosis
• Leptospirosis
• Coumarin or anticoagulant poisoning
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Classical swine fever
• Diagnosis
• Pathological and histopathological lesions
• RT- PCR - positive results available in 24 h
• Serology (blood antibody tests):takes 24 h for ELISA, 5 days for serum neutralisation test (SNT (
• Fluorescent antibody test on cryostat sections of autopsy tissues from pigs with clinical signs of CSF (24 h for result (
• Virus isolation from affected pigs: 3-5 days for result
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Recumbant and dead pigs
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Congested skin of a affected pig next to a normal pig
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Abortions
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Multifocal skin hemorrhages
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Multifocal skin hemorrhages
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M
Multifocal and ecchymotic skin lesions
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Tonsils with purulent exudate
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Multifocal hemorrhages on
the parietal pleura
Lung congestion and
hemorrhage
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Lung congestion and coalescing hemorrhages
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Multifocal hemorrhages on the diaphragm
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Enlarged spleen
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Enlarged dark congested mesenteric lymph nodes
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Multifocal hemorrhages of a lymph node
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Lymph node - petechial and peripheral hemorrhages
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Kidney - multifocal cortical peteciae
“turkey egg kidney”
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Kidney with multifocal hemorrhages in the cortex
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Multifocal necrosis and ulcerations in the small intestine
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Button ulcers - internal surface of colon
(photo courtesy of L.D. Sims)
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Photo of Dr. R. Panciera, Oklahoma State University
ulcers surrounded by zones of hemorrhage
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Photo of Dr. R. Panciera, Oklahoma State University
Tonsils and epiglottis contain multiple tan foci of necrosis
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Lung - multifocal hemorrhages
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Tonsil - focal necrosis
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Lymph node - extensive hemorrhages
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Spleen - diffuse hemorrhages
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Liver - focal mononuclear infiltrate (present in this case)
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Kidney - focal mononuclear infiltrate (present in this case)
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Brain - non-suppurative meningoencephalitis
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Brain - focal gliosis and vasculitis
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Skeletal muscle - perimysial hemorrhages (present in this case)
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Perimysial hemorrhages and myofiber necrosis (present in this case)
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Myofiber necrosis on
cross and longitudinal
sectioned muscle
(present in this case)