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Civil Resistance and
the Struggle for Land:
Experiences in India & Brazil
Kurt Schock
Associate Professor of Sociology & Global Affairs
Rutgers University, Newark
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responses to land dispossession & inequality:
in contrast to everyday forms of resistance, civil resistance movements are
organized and overtchallenges
in contrast to violent rebellion, civil resistance movements rely onmethods ofnonviolent action; they are not interested in capturing state
power
in contrast to patronage relationships with political parties, civil resistance
movements are autonomous from parties; they mobilize pressure fromoutside routine political channels
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padyatra (or padayatra): foot march
yatra campaign: may involve other forms of transportation in addition to
foot marches
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Table 1. Major Statewide Yatra Campaigns
State of Campaign Date
Madhya Pradesh 10 December to 18 June, 2000
Bihar 11 September to 11 October, 2001
Madhya Pradesh 14 April to 2 May, 2002
Chattisgarh 30 January to 25 February, 2003
Madhya Pradesh 11 September to 2 October, 2003
Orissa 30 January to 24 February, 2004
Chhattisgarh 16 May to 5 June, 2005
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Table 2. Major National Yatra Campaigns
National Yatra Campaigns Place Dates
Janadesh Satyagraha Gwalior to Delhi 2 October to 28 October, 2007
Jan Samwaad Yatra 24 states 2 October 2011 to 1 October 2012
Jan Satyagraha Gwalior to Delhi 2 October to 28 October 2012
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land occupations
on land that is arable but not in productive use
on land where there is a dispute over the legality of the ownership
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Figure 1. Land Occupations by Year, 1987-2010
67 71 80
50
77 81 89119
146
398
463
599 586
393
194 184
391
496
437
384 364
252
290
180
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Year
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Table 3. Similarities: Ekta Parishad & the MST
1. Target structural violence: land dispossession and inequality
2. Political Context high-capacity democracy
3. Strategynonviolent action to promote change through institutionalchannels
4a. Basis of Power sustained mass mobilization
4b. Basis of Power territorialization
4c. Basis of Power upward scale shift
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Table 4. Differences: Ekta Parishad & the MST
Ekta Parishad MST
1 Base landless, small farmers,
indigenous peoples
landless; formerly
landless who won land
2 Mobilizing Structures rural Gandhian social
welfare organizations
base communities of the
Catholic Church
3 Ideology Gandhism; sarvodaya liberation theology;
Marxism
4 Defining Method of Action padyatra / yatra land occupation
5 Class of Nonviolent Action protest & persuasion nonviolent intervention
6 Mechanism of Change conversion >
accommodation
accommodation >
nonviolent coercion
7 Type of Movement principled radical reform pragmatic radical reform
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