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Civics
The Executive Branch & The President
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief of State−Ceremonial head of
government−Symbol of all
Americans
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief Executive−Broad power in
foreign and domestic affairs
−“Most powerful office in the world”
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief Administrator−Directs the
Executive Branch bureaucracy
−2.7+ million employees
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief Diplomat−Main architect of
American foreign policy
−Most visible spokesperson to the rest of the world
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The President’s Job Description
• Commander in Chief−All branches of the
military are under his immediate control
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief Legislator−Main architect of
public policy−Sets the overall shape
of the Congressional agenda
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief of Party−Acknowledged
leader of his political party
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The President’s Job Description
• Chief Citizen−“Representative of
all people”−Looks out for the
interest of the people
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Presidential Qualifications• Age – 35+ years
• Citizenship – “Natural Born” citizen
• Residency – 14 years
Presidential Term of Office• Four year terms
• Before 1951 – No official limit on terms− Washington set the precedent for only two terms
• Franklin Roosevelt serves part of four terms
• 22nd Amendment limits to two terms or 10 years
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Pay and Benefits• Congress determines the President’s salary
• Originally $25,000/year
• Currently $400,000/year
• Plus $50,000/year expense account
• Other benefits− Live in the White House (6 story, 18.3 acre estate)− Automobile fleet− Air Force One, Marine One− Camp David− Unlimited health care for life− Secret Service protection for life
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Presidential Succession• Vice President
• Speaker of the House
• President Pro Tempore of the Senate
• Secretary of State
• Secretary of the Treasury
• Secretary of Defense
• Attorney General
• Secretary of the Interior
• Secretary of Agriculture
• Secretary of Commerce
• Secretary of Labor
• Secretary of Health and Human Services
• Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
• Secretary of Transportation
• Secretary of Energy
• Secretary of Education
• Secretary of Veteran Affairs
• Secretary of Homeland Security
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General Presidential Powers• Imperial Presidency
− Growth of the nation (1900s)
• Executive Powers−Power to execute federal laws−Control of the armed forces
• Ordinance Power−Power to issue executive orders−Executive Order – Directive, rule or regulate
that has the effect of law• E.O. 9066
− Internment of Japanese Americans
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• Appointment Power−Ambassadors and diplomats−Cabinet members and top aides−Heads of executive agencies−Federal judges, U.S. Marshals and
federal attorneys−All officers of the armed forces
• Removal Power−Undo appointments
•Paul O’Neil, Sec. Of Treasury, 2008• NOT federal judges
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National Security and Intelligence Team
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Diplomatic Powers• Make treaties
− Usually acting through the Secretary of State− Senate must approve− Same legal standing as laws− Congress may repeal by passing a law undoing the
treaty
• Make executive agreements− Pact between President and the head of another
country− Does not need Senate approval
• Power of Recognition− Acknowledging the legal existence of a country and its
government
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Military Powers• Commander in Chief
− Making undeclared war− War Powers Resolution
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Legislative Powers• Recommending Legislation
• Veto Power− Overturned with 2/3 vote of both houses of
Congress− Pocket veto
• Only at the end of a Congressional Session
− Line-item veto
• Call Congress into special session
• Can adjourn Congress− Has never happened
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Judicial Powers• Reprieve – postpone execution sentence
• Pardon – legal forgiveness
• Clemency – mercy or leniency
• Commutation – reduce a sentence
• Amnesty – blanket pardon− Jimmy Carter to Vietnam protesters