Download - Chemistry Kerja Kursus PPSIMP Sem1.(Bhg 2)
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KAMPUS KOTA BHARU
NAME : AYISY HARIZ BIN SUKIMAN.
NO K/P : 921027-01-6069
MATRIC NO : IPGKB : S11S - 1006 - 0445
SUBJECT : PPISMP: SAINS 2
SEMESTER : SEM.1
INTAKE : JUN 2010
NAME OF : PUAN ROZINAWATI BT. GHAZALLI
SUPERVISORS
DATE OF SUBMISSION :21 SEPTEMBER 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENT
NUM. CONTENT PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION 2-3
2. SPIRAL PERIODIC TABLE 4
3. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH SPIRAL AND
CONVENTIONAL TABLE
5-6
4. FIT TRANSITION ELEMENT INTO SPIRAL TABLE 7
5. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 8-10
6. CONCLUSION 11
7. REFLECTION 12
8. BIBILIOGRAPHY 13
9. EVIDENCE 14-17
10. COLLABORATION FORM 18
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Introduction
The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in 1869.
Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a grid or
table so that each element had a higher atomic weight than the one on its left and
similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column. He realized that the
table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry.
In his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet
been discovered. In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered
the planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered germanium
(which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between silicon and tin),gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper, for he predicted their
existence and their properties before their actual discoveries.
Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further
progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been formulated.
In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic number
(charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is most fundamental
to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev, Moseley was able to predictcorrectly the existence of new elements based on his work.
And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic number
(Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal rows periods and
the vertical rows groups. We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the
way its electrons are arranged - its electron configuration. The noble gases are found in
group 18, on the far right of each period. The reluctance of the noble gases to undergo
chemical reactions indicates that the atoms of these gases strongly prefer their ownelectron configurations - featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other.
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In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are those
with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell of
electrons. Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have
the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties. Likewise the
halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another.
When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions.
Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same period. The
ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from which they formed.
There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period. The block of
elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. These are similar to one
another in many ways; they produce colored compounds, have variable valency and are
often used as catalysts.
The rare earth elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and
actinides (elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in
only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known elements that
take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element with atomic number
higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny amounts of plutonium and
neptunium exist in nature as decay products of uranium. These elements, and higher
elements, are also produced artificially in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
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Spiral Table
Comparing
Conventional Table
1) Looks more attractive thanconventional table because itdifferent as usual.
1) Less attractive because peopleusually seen it.
2) People can easily know andimagine how the number of shell ofeach element by look how thenumber of shell at spiral table.
2) People take a lot of time tounderstand how the number ofshell of each element.
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Spiral Table
Comparing
Conventional Table
1) Not all people canunderstand the table.
1) People around the worldcan understand the table.
2) Hard to construct. 2) Easy to construct.
3) Take a long time to easilyunderstand the table. 3) Take a short time to easilyunderstand the table.
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Fit The Transition Element Into Spiral Table
Transition metal is a block of metallic elements in between Groups 2 and 13 in
the Periodic Table. They are much less reactive than the alkali metals. They do not
react as quickly with water or oxygen as alkali metal. These elements are very hard,
with high melting points and boiling points.
The first ten transition element are placed in Period 4 in periodic table. This is
because, it have 4 shell in their electron arrangement. So that, I get an idea how to fit
the transition element in my spiral diagram of periodic table. I fit them all in the fourth
shell in my spiral table. It shows that the elements have 4 shell in their electron
arrangement.
For the conclusion, I think that either conventional periodic table that look
usual and spiral table that look more attractive can help students to improve their
knowledge in Chemistry.
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Group 1
Physical properties:
> Has low densities and low melting point as compared to other metals such as iron and
copper.
> They have silvery and shiny surfaces.
> They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
Chemical properties:
> React vigorously with water to produce alkaline hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas.
> Reacts rapidly with oxygen gas to produce white solid oxide.
> Burns in chlorine gas to produce form white solid chloride.
> Burns in bromine gas to form metal bromide.
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Group 17
Physical properties:
> All group 17 are non-metal.
> Have low melting point because their molecules are attracted to each other by inter-
molecular force.
> When going down the group, the melting and boiling points increases.
Chemical properties:
> Will form 2 acids when reacts with water.
> Will form iron when reacts with hot iron.
> Will form sodium halide, sodium halite and water when reacts with sodium hydroxide
solution.
Group 18
Physical properties:
> Insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances.
> Cannot conduct electricity and heat.
> Low melting and boiling point.
Chemical reaction:
> Doesnt react with any substances.
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Physical properties:
They have 3 shells.
Physical properties:
Shiny surface.
Ductile.
Malleable.
High tensile strength.
High melting and boiling points.
High densities.
Good conductor of heat and electricity.
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CONCLUSION
The Periodic Table of Elements has developed into a very important item for the
chemist. It can supply much needed information about the atoms, such as atomic mass,
atomic number and electron configuration. It is set up in such a way as to also allow us
an idea of activity. The arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table allow us toknow better how a substance will react with another substance.
Many innovators have developed periodic tables which are chemical element
displays different from the well known Mendeleyev periodic table. Several have been
devised purely for better reasons, as not all correlations between the chemical elements
are effectively captured by the conventional or standard periodic table.
Other alternative periodic tables existed. Some versions of the table show a dark
stair-step line along the metalloids. Metals are to the left of the line and non-metals to
the right. The alternative form of periodic table like spiral shape, circular shape and
many more, that more attractive, will help students or anybody to understand more in
their studies. Periodic Table has been designed to help students and teachers in their
chemistry classes, and also allow enthusiasts to explore the periodic table in expert
mode.
The conclusion, whether it is a conventional table or in spiral form, both provides
with a simple way to visualize the chemical elements, their properties, and interactions.
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Reflection
Assalamualaikum. In the name of Allah, the Greatest. The most Generous and the most
Merciful. I would like to thank to God because at last I had finished my assignment for
Science 2 subject. I also would like to thank to my chemistry lecturer, Madam
Rozinawati for all of her supports and guidelines. Without her, I cannot finish my
assignment properly. Besides that, thank also to my classmates for their cooperation.
I had received this assignment at 28
th
July 2010. When I read the instruction, I thoughtthat this assignment was quite difficult. I have to ask my friends guidelines to do my
work. However, this matter does not make me give up doing my assignment. Then, I
had another problem how to find the information from the internet because the wireless
connection is very slow at my hostel.
Talk about to my sciences assignment, after I do some research about periodic table
especially how to construct spiral diagram of periodic table. Ive got a lot of information
from the internet and some of reference books such as STPM Chemistry Volume 2,Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd and Pre-U text STPM Chemistry, Chemistry For
Matriculation, Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. This source gives me a lot of information and
makes me easier to finish my assignment.
As the information, it is very interesting to complete about periodic table in the form of
spiral diagram. Besides I had to complete the assignment, I also got more knowledge
about transportation. Even sometime I have to face so many problem and to complete
the assignment, I still know how to solve my own problems and completed my
assignment. I really hope, my assignment have all the kind of the criteria that needed in
the scheme. Thats all. Thank you.
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Bibliografi
Book:
1) Azilah Abd. Rahman, Aishah Mohamed Jelan, Mazdida Sulaiman, John C Kotz
dan Paul Treichel, 2006,Chemistry For Matriculation, Brooks/Cole, a division of
Thomson Learning, Inc. 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002.
2) Loh Yew Lee & N.Sivanson, STPM Physical Chemistry Volume 2, 2009,
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Internet:
1) http://allperiodictables.com/aptpages/gridlink/grid07_spiral.htm
2) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
4) http://www.chemicool.com/
5) http://www.meta-
synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=Spiral+Formulations
6) http://www.webelements.com/
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Evidence
1)Periodic Table http://www.chemicool.com/
The first periodic table was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and published in
1869.
Mendeleev found he could arrange the 65 elements that were then known in a
grid or table so that each element had:
1. A higher atomic weight than the one on its left.
2. Similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column.
He realized that the table in front of him lay at the very heart of chemistry. In
his table he noted gaps - spaces where elements should be but none had yet
been discovered.
In fact, just as Adams and Le Verrier could be said to have discovered the
planet Neptune on paper, Mendeleev could be said to have discovered
germanium (which he called eka-silicon because he observed a gap between
silicon and tin), gallium (eka-aluminum) and scandium (eka-boron) on paper,
for he predicted their existence and their properties before their actualdiscoveries.
Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further
progress because the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom had not yet been
formulated.
In 1913, Henry Moseley, who worked with Rutherford, showed it is atomic
number (charge) and not (as Mendeleev had proposed) atomic weight that is
most fundamental to the chemical properties of any element. Like Mendeleev,
Moseley was able to predict correctly the existence of new elements based on
his work.
And today the elements are still arranged in order of increasing atomic
number (Z) as you go from left to right across the table. We call the horizontal
rows periods and the vertical rows groups.
http://www.chemicool.com/http://www.chemicool.com/ -
8/12/2019 Chemistry Kerja Kursus PPSIMP Sem1.(Bhg 2)
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We also know an element's chemistry is determined by the way its electrons
are arranged - its electron configuration.
The noble gases are found in group 18, on the far right of each period. The
reluctance of the noble gases to undergo chemical reactions indicates that theatoms of these gases strongly prefer their own electron configurations -
featuring a full outer shell of electrons - to any other.
In contrast to the noble gases, the elements with the highest reactivity are
those with the greatest need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full
outer shell of electrons.
Elements sitting in the same group (e.g. the alkali metals in Group 1) all have
the same number of outer electrons, leading to similar chemical properties.
Likewise the halogens in Group 17 also have similar properties to one another.
When halogens react, they gain an electron to form negatively charged ions.
Each ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the same
period. The ions are therefore more chemically stable than the elements from
which they formed.
There is a progression from metals to non-metals across each period.
The block of elements in groups 3 - 12 contains the transition metals. Theseare similar to one another in many ways; they produce colored compounds,
have variable valency and are often used as catalysts. The rare earth
elements can be divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and actinides
(elements 90 - 103). The naturally occurring rare earths are found on earth in
only very small amounts. The actinides include most of the well-known
elements that take part in or are produced by nuclear reactions. No element
with atomic number higher than 92 occurs naturally in large quantities. Tiny
amounts of plutonium and neptunium exist in nature as decay products ofuranium. These elements, and higher elements, are also produced artificially
in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
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2) Media in category "Spiral diagrams"
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_diagrams
The following 65 files are in this category, out of 65 total.
Aligned
Orbits.gif
48,843 bytes
Archimedean
spiral f...
233,056 bytes
Archimedean
spiral h...
42,450 bytesArchimedean
spiral r...
288,142 bytes
Archimedean
spiral s...
165,193 bytes
Archimedean
spiral2.png
47,204 bytes
Milky Way
Spiral Arm...
10,867 bytes
Padovan
triangles.png
32,174 bytes
Parker
spiral.gif
18,282 bytes
Periodic table
(spir...
453,826 bytes
Pohl
Wheel.svg
21,490 bytes
Polygon
spiral.svg
38,162 bytes
Preferred
values 01 ...
48,396 bytes
Preferred
values 02 ...
70,507 bytes Preferred
values 03 ...
65,455 bytes
Preferred
values 04 ...
28,192 bytes
Preferred
values 05 ...
44,924 bytes
Ressort spiral
theor...
23,400 bytes
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8/12/2019 Chemistry Kerja Kursus PPSIMP Sem1.(Bhg 2)
18/18
3) Periodic tableFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Group
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
11
H
2
He
23
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
3
11
N
a
12
M
g
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
419
K
20
Ca
2
1
S
c
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
5
37
R
b
38Sr
3
9
Y
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
52Te
53I
54Xe
6
55
C
s
56
Ba*
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
787
Fr
88
Ra
**
10
4
Rf
10
5
Db
10
6
Sg
10
7
Bh
10
8
Hs
10
9
Mt
11
0
Ds
11
1
Rg
11
2
Cn
11
3
Uut
114
Uu
q
115
Uu
p
116
Uu
h
11
7
Uus
118
Uu
o
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p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununhexiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.or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