Chem 131 Final Exam Review: Roadmap
1. Learning Objectives2. Functional Groups3. Nomenclature4. Organic Reactions5. Drawing Molecules6. Isomers7. Chirality8. Acetals & Hemiacetals9. Carboxylic Acid acid/base chemistry10.Alkaloids11. Types of Lipids12.Carbohydrates: chirality & cyclic forms13.Amino Acids & Proteins14.Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids15.Protein synthesis16.Coenzymes17.Citric Acid Cycle18.Metabolism Overview19.Glycolysis
Learning Objectives Chapter 11-15
Difference between organic and inorganic molecules Name characteristic features of organic compounds Draw organic compounds, including skeletal structures Identify common bond types, angles, and molecule
shapes Name functional groups Understand polarity and its effect on solubility and
boiling point Explain the difference between fat and water soluble
vitamins Describe alkane characteristics Draw alkanes as full, condensed, and skeletal
structures Bond angle around alkane carbons Draw constitutional isomers and ID longest carbon
chain ID 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° carbons Name simple alkanes and cycloalkanes Predict products of combustion & balance reaction
equations
Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, alkynes,
aromatic compounds Alkene, Alkyne, Aromatic nomenclature Stereoisomers Addition Reactions Polymers Substitution Reactions Name organic compounds with carbon-heteroatom
single bonds (oxygen, halogens, sulfur) Identify 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols and alkyl halides Predict the products or reactants for following reactions:
Alcohol dehydration Alcohol oxidation Sulfur oxidation Sulfur reduction
Understand the difference between Chiral and Achiral molecules
Identify chiral centers Draw the enantiomers & diastereomers of a chiral
molecule (using dashes & wedges to show geometry) Draw fischer projections of chiral molecules Explain the relevance of chiral centers in Biochemistry
Learning Objectives Chapter 16-20
Nomenclature for aldehydes & ketones Identify structure and describe bonding of
aldehydes & ketones Aldehyde oxidation without alcohol oxidation Addition reactions at C – O double bond Hemiacetal & acetal formation Identify cyclic hemiacetals
Nomenclature for carboxylic acids, esters, & amides Identify and describe structure of carboxylic acids, esters
& amides Acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acids (think soap!) Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids
Formation of esters Formation of amides
Hydrolysis of acyl compounds Ester hydrolysis Amide hydrolysis
Structure & formation of polyamides & polyesters
Identify amines and describe bonding & structure (1°, 2°, 3°)
Nomenclature for amines Amine hydrogen bonding Alkaloids & Nitrogen heterocycles
Acid-base chemistry of amines Neurotransmitter amines Amines and common drugs
Identify basic structure & function of lipids: Hydrolyzable Lipids:
Waxes Triglycerols Phospholipids (and phospholipid
bilayers) Nonhydrolyzable Lipids
Steroids Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) Eicosanoids
Identify carbohydrates Draw Fischer projections of carbohydrates
Classify as D or L ID multiple chiral center and draw enantiomers
Draw common monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose
Draw cyclic monosaccharides & identify hemiacetal & isomers draw Haworth projections
Reduction & oxidation of monosaccharides Describe & draw polysaccharides
Learning Objectives Chapter 21-24
The 20 common, naturally occurring Amino Acids stereochemistry acid/base chemistry
Peptide Formation Proteins
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary structure
Hydrolysis and denaturation Enzymes: Catalysis & Inhibition
Nucleosides & Nucleotides: structure DNA & RNA base pairs: names & structures Phosphate addition
Nucleic Acids Formation & primary structure
DNA double helix structure, hydrogen bonding Replication, Transcription, Translation RNA
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA Genetic Code: codon & anticodon Protein Synthesis: initiation, elongation, termination Mutations Recombinant DNA: formation & use
Stages of Metabolism ATP: structure, hydrolysis, & formation Coupling reactions Coenzymes
NAD+ & NADH FAD & FADH2
Coenzyme A Citric Acid Cycle: all 8 steps Electron Transport Chain ATP synthesis by Oxidative Phosphorylation
Role in Metabolism of fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis, & Amino acid catabolism
Reactions catalyzed by: kinase, isomerase, dehydrogenase, decarboxylase, carboxylase
Glycolysis: steps & net reaction Pyruvate conversion to acetyl Coenzyme A
Functional Groups Overview
5Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Aromatic
C − C
C = C
C = C
HydrocarbonFunctional
Groups
Functional Groups Overview
6Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkyl halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Amines
Thiols
Single Bondto a
HeteroatomFunctional
Groups
Functional Groups Overview
7Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Aldehydes
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Ketones
Amides
CarbonylFunctional
Groups
Nomenclature Alkanes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
What, where are the substituents?Example: 2,4- dimethyl
How many carbons in longest chain?Example: hex
What is the functional group?Example: ane
2,4-dimethylhexane
12
34
5
6
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +cyclo- +
prefix
parent
suffix
What, where are the substituents?Example: 1,3- dimethyl
How many carbons in the ring?Example: hex
What is the functional group?Example: ane
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
Nomenclature Cycloalkanes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
12
34
65
Nomenclature Alkenes & Alkynes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituentsSecond give location of double bond
How many carbons in longest chain?
How many of the functional group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
hexa
12
34
5
6
diene2,4-dimethyl 1,5-* Note: when we have more then 1 multiple bond the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
Nomenclature Alkenes & Alkynes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituentsSecond give location of double bond
How many carbons in longest chain?
How many of the functional group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
pent yne4-methyl 2-
parent suffixprefix + +
123
4
5
Nomenclature Cyclo Alkenes & Alkynes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituentsSecond give location of double bond
How many carbons in longest chain?
How many of the functional group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
pent ene3-methyl 1-
parent suffixprefix + +
12
3
4
5
cyclo
Nomenclature Aromatics: Benzene
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
prefix
parent
Give location, number, and type of substituent. You can also replace location & number with o, m, p
“Benzene”
benzene1,2-dimethyl
parentprefix +
1
2
3
4
5 6
benzeneo-dimethyl
o -
m -
p -
Polysubstituted Benzenes:1. Number to give lowest #s around ring2. Alphabetize substituents3. If part of common root name the
molecule as a derivative of a monosubstituted benzene with common root at C1.
14
Nomenclature Alcohols
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituentsSecond give location of double bond
How many carbons in longest chain?
How many of the functional group and what is it? Alcohol = “ol”
hexan
12
34
5
6
ol2-methyl 4-*Note: after the greek root of the parent use “an”, ie hexan* Second Note: when we have more then 1 multiple bond the parent name has an “a” after the greek root: hexa
OH
15
Nomenclature Ethers
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Ether Group Name
1 CH3- Methoxy2 CH3CH2- Ethoxy3 CH3CH2CH2- Propoxy4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- Butyoxy5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- Pentoxy6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexoxy
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
Use alkyl substitutant naming roots, but drop the “yl” and use “oxy” for the simplest alkyl group bonded to the ether oxygen.
How many carbons in longest chain?
Use alkane ending: ane
but
1
23
4
ane2-ethoxy
O
16
Nomenclature Thiols
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
Give location and type of substituents, then give location of thiol group.
How many carbons in longest chain?
Hydrocarbon functional group suffix + “thiol”
pent
1
2
34
5
anethiol2,4-dimethyl 1-
SH
17
Nomenclature Alkyl Halides
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
Halide Full NameHalide Group
NameCl Chlorine ChloroBr Bromine BromoF Flourine FlouroI Iodine Iodo
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
Give location and type of substituents.Replace “ine” in halide name with “o”, ie Chlorine = chloro
How many carbons in longest chain?
What is the hydrocarbon functional group? If alkane then “ane” suffix
hex
1
2
34
5
ane2-chloro 4-methyl
Cl6
18
Nomenclature Aldehydes
#Greek Root
Straight Chain Alkane Name
1 meth methane2 eth ethane3 prop propane4 but butane5 pent pentane6 hex hexane7 hept heptane8 oct octane9 non nonane
10 dec decane
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituents.
How many carbons in longest chain?Aldehyde @ C1, Ketone @ lowest # C
What is the functional group? How many?Aldehyde = -al; Ketone = -one
petan
12
3
45
al2,4-dimethyl* Note: when we have more then 1 aldehyde or ketone the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
19
Nomenclature Ketones
# Carbons Structure
Alkyl Group Name
1 CH3- methyl2 CH3CH2- ethyl3 CH3CH2CH2- propyl4 CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2- pentyl6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- hexyl
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituents. Then the location of the ketone
How many carbons in longest chain?Aldehyde @ C1, Ketone @ lowest # C
What is the functional group? How many?Aldehyde = -al; Ketone = -one
hexa
12
34
5
dione2,3 -* Note: when we have more then 1 aldehyde or ketone the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
6
O • Ketone is C1 in cyclic ketones• then number to make the
first substituent on the smallest C #
• Common names for ketones:• Name both alkyl groups• Order alphabetically• Add the work ketone
20
Nomenclature Carboxylic Acids
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituents.
How many carbons in longest chain?Carboxylic acid @ C1
What is the functional group? How many?Carboxylic acid: “-oic acid”
petan
12
3
45
oic acid2,4-dimethyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
OH
Functional Group Prefix Suffixalkane alkyl anealkene alkenyl enealkyne alkynyl yne
alcohol (OH) hydroxy olether alkoxy
halide
fluoro, chloro, bromo,
iodo thiol (SH) mercapto thiolaldehyde formyl al
ketone oxo one
carboxylic acid carboxy
oic acid carboxylic
acidester oxycarbonyl oate
amide carbamoyl amide
21
Esters
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituents. Then give the name of the alky group bonded to the ester functional group
How many carbons in longest chain?Carbonyl carbon @ C1
What is the functional group? How many?Ester: “-oate”
butan
12
34
oatemethyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
O
Functional Group Prefix Suffixalkane alkyl anealkene alkenyl enealkyne alkynyl yne
alcohol (OH) hydroxy olether alkoxy
halide
fluoro, chloro, bromo,
iodo thiol (SH) mercapto thiolaldehyde formyl al
ketone oxo one
carboxylic acid carboxy
oic acid carboxylic
acidester oxycarbonyl oate
amide carbamoyl amide
Nomenclature
22
Nomenclature Amide
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
First give location and type of substituents.
How many carbons in longest chain?Carbonyl carbon @ C1
What is the functional group? How many?Amide: “-amide”
butan
12
34
amide3-methyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
N
Functional Group Prefix Suffixalkane alkyl anealkene alkenyl enealkyne alkynyl yne
alcohol (OH) hydroxy olether alkoxy
halide
fluoro, chloro, bromo,
iodo thiol (SH) mercapto thiolaldehyde formyl al
ketone oxo one
carboxylic acid carboxy
oic acid carboxylic
acidester oxycarbonyl oate
amide carbamoyl amide
H
H
23
Amide
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
Use “N” to indicate naming amide R groups
How many carbons in longest chain?Carbonyl carbon @ C1
What is the functional group? How many?Amide: “-amide”
butan
12
34
amideNN-dimethyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
O
N
Functional Group Prefix Suffixalkane alkyl anealkene alkenyl enealkyne alkynyl yne
alcohol (OH) hydroxy olether alkoxy
halide
fluoro, chloro, bromo,
iodo thiol (SH) mercapto thiolaldehyde formyl al
ketone oxo one
carboxylic acid carboxy
oic acid carboxylic
acidester oxycarbonyl oate
amide carbamoyl amide
Nomenclature
24
Nomenclature Amines
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
parent suffixprefix + +
prefix
parent
suffix
Give location and type of substituents. Indicate naming the amine R groups with “N”
How many carbons in longest chain?Amine @ C1
What is the functional group? How many?Amine = “amine”
butan
24
amineN,N-dimethyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
N
Functional Group Prefix Suffixalkane alkyl anealkene alkenyl enealkyne alkynyl yne
alcohol (OH) hydroxy olether alkoxy
halide
fluoro, chloro, bromo,
iodo thiol (SH) mercapto thiolaldehyde formyl al
ketone oxo one
carboxylic acid carboxy
oic acid carboxylic
acidester oxycarbonyl oate
amide carbamoyl amide
amine amino amine
13
Nomenclature Amines
Reactions SummaryH2O
H2SO4
H2O
H2SO4
H2O/H2SO4
H2O
2 eq ROH (alcohol)H2SO4
H2O
ROH (alcohol)H2SO4
Hydration
Dehydration
Hydrolysis ofAcetals & Hemiacetals
Acetal & Hemiacetalformation
Esterification
H OH
H OH
OR
ORRO
ORRO
Δ
HNR2
H2O/H2SO4
H2O/NaOH
Amide Formation
Ester/AmideHydrolysis
Ester/AmideHydrolysis
NR2
OR
NR2
O- Na+
Reactions Summary
Nucleophile
H2SO4
HX(X = Br or Cl)
NucleophilicSubstitution
Hydrohalogenation H X
Nuc
[O]
NH4OH
Ag2O
[O]
[H]
Pd, Pt, or Rh catalyst
[H] or H2Hydrogenation
Reduction
Oxidation
Selective Oxidation
Oxidation
2 RSH RS SR
RS SR 2 RSH
Reactions Summary
X2
HNO3
H2SO4
SO3
Pd, Pt, or Rh catalyst
[H] or H2
FeX3
(X = Cl or Br)
H2SO4
Sulfonation
Nitration
Chlorination orBromination
Reduction
Cl
NO2
SO3H
NH3 NH4
NH3
HCl NaOHAmine Acid/Base
C CCCH HHH
H HHHH
CH3CH2CH2=CH2
..
Drawing Chemical Structures
Lewis Dot Structures
Structural Formula or Complete Structure
Structural Formula or Complete Structure with Geometry Indicated
Condensed Structure
Skeletal Structure
H
H
H
CCC
C
HH
H
H H
Alkanes Longest Carbon Chain
30Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
Longest CarbonChain
Alkanes 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°
31Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
C
H
H
H R C
R
H
H R C
R
H
R R C
R
R
R R
1° 2° 3° 4°
R = a Carbon atom
Alcohols & Alkyl Halides
1°, 2°, 3°
Structure Amines
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
34
Structure Amides
StereoisomersSpatial Isomers
ConstitutionalIsomers
Structural Isomers
ISOMERS
DiastereomersEnantiomers
Cis/Trans Isomers
ConformationalIsomers
R
R R R
Rotation around C-C single bonds
Different spatial arrangement of atoms but with the same connectivity
Different connectivity between atoms
Same chemical formula
Mirror images of a chiral molecule that are not superimposable
All stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another
36
A Fischer Projection takes a 3D tetrahedral shape, and re-draws it:
Chiral Molecules Fischer Projections
Smith. General Organic & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
37
Stereo-isomers Multiple Chiral Centers
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
38
Ketones & Aldehydes
Acetal Formation
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
39
Ketones & Aldehydes
Acetal Hydrolysis
Carboxylic Acids
Acid/Base Chemistry
Amines Alkaloids
Cocaine
Alkaloids are compounds that contain an amine.
Biochemistry Neurotransmitters
When norepinephrine levels increase, a person feels elated, and then manic if levels go too high.
Dopamine affects the brain processes that control movement, emotions, and pleasure
Serotonin is important in mood, sleep, perception, and temperature regulation.
Acetylcholine is a quaternary ammonium ion that serves as a neurotransmitter between neurons and muscle cells
Lipids Categories of Lipids
Lipids Categories of Lipids
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 45
generally have 3 to 6 C atoms in a chain with an aldehyde or ketone ending and many –OH groups.
Aldehyde monosaccharides are aldoses
ketone monosaccharides are ketoses.
Carbohydrates D vs L Monosaccharides
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 46
The configuration of the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group determines whether a monosaccharide is D or L.
All naturally occurring sugars are D sugars.
Carbohydrates Cyclic Monosaccharides
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 47
The C atom that is part of the hemiacetal is a new chirality center, called the anomer carbon.
Haworth projections
Carbohydrates Disaccharides
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
48
Amino Acids Basic Structure
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 49
Peptides Amide Bond Formation
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 50
Proteins 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° Structure
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 51
Enzymes Function
http://leavingbio.net/enzymes.htm52
Enzymes Inhibition
53http://o.quizlet.com/i/WRLW8kdWLDOY1YZbEdKgyA_m.jpg
Nucleotides Summary of Structure
54
Nucleic Acids Definition
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 55
•Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages.
DNA Base Pairs
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 56
The bases always line up so that a
pyrimidine derivative can
hydrogen bond to a purine
derivative on the other strand.
RNA Translation & Protein Synthesis
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 57
MutationsTypes
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 58
ADP/ATP Hydrolysis & Phosphorylation
59
•This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−),
releasing 7.3 kcal/mol of energy.
59
•Phosphorylation is the reverse reaction, where a phosphate group is added to ADP, forming ATP requiring 7.3 kcal/mol of energy.
Coenzymes
Citric Acid Cycle
Overview
61Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Electron Transport
Definition
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 62
•The electron transport chain is a multistep process using 4 enzyme complexes (I, II, III and IV) located along the mitochondrial inner membrane.
63
Steps
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Metabolism
Biochemical Rxns
Common Enzymes
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. 64
Glycolysis Energy Investment & Generation
65Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Glycolysis Overall Reaction
66Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
•2 ATPs are used in phase one of glycolysis, and 4 ATPs are made in phase two of glycolysis.
•The net result is the synthesis of 2 ATPs from glycolysis
•The 2 NADHs formed are made in the cytoplasm and must be transported to the mitochondria to join the electron transport chain and make ATP.
Pyruvate can be converted into three possibleproducts depending on the conditions and the organism.
under aerobicconditions
under anaerobicconditions
in fermentationby microorganisms
Glycolysis Pyruvate
67Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Glycolysis ATP Yield
68Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.