Download - chapter18.296131623
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 18
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 18
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Chapter 18 Key Concepts Chapter 18 Key Concepts
Improving energy efficiencyImproving energy efficiencyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of flowing waterTypes and uses of flowing waterUses of wind energyUses of wind energyTypes and uses of biomassTypes and uses of biomassUse of geothermal energyUse of geothermal energyUse of hydrogen as a fuelUse of hydrogen as a fuelDecentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems
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Section 1: The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencySection 1: The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
• What is energy efficiency? How much energy do we waste?
• What is life cycle cost?
• What is net energy efficiency?
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What is energy efficiency?What is energy efficiency?
Energy efficiency is the measure of the useful energy produced compared to the energy converted to low quality--- usually heat.
Using energy to do work, not produce heat.
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What is energy conservation?What is energy conservation?
Implementing new technology to do same work using less energy.
• Heating homes more efficiently
• Driving more efficient cars• Lightning spaces more
efficiently
SAVES $$$, produces less pollution, reduces CO2
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Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
• 84% of commercial electricity is wasted in U.S.
• 41% of energy is automatically wasted due to 2nd Law Of Thermodynamics
• 43% is wasted unnecessarily
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Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste
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The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencyThe Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency
Fig. 18-3 p. 381Fig. 18-3 p. 381
Net energy efficiency Net energy efficiency
Least EfficientLeast Efficient Incandescent lights Incandescent lights
Internal combustion engine
Internal combustion engine
Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants
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Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)
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Life Cycle CostsLife Cycle Costs
Initial Cost plus the lifetime cost.
Some energy efficient models may cost more up front, but save money in the long run.
Civic Hybrid vs. Conventional Gas
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Net Energy Efficiency Net Energy Efficiency
Measure of how much useful energy we get from energy resource after subtracting the energy wasted.
How much energy you get out given ALL the wasted energy.
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Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating
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Section 2: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key ConceptsSection 2: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key Concepts
• How can we save energy in industry?
• How can we save energy in transportation?
• How can we design buildings to save energy?
• How can we save energy in existing buildings?
• Why are we still wasting so much energy?
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Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency
CogenerationCogenerationEfficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economyAlternative vehiclesAlternative vehiclesInsulation Insulation Plug leaksPlug leaks
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How can industry save energy?How can industry save energy?
• Cogeneration – combining heat and power systems
• Improving electric motor efficiency (consumes 1/4th of energy)
• Improving light fixtures
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How can we save energy in transportation? How can we save energy in transportation?
CAFÉ Standards need to be increased.
Increase to 40 mpg in 10yrs would cut consumption in half (could eliminate imports from Middle East)
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Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.
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Price of Gas in 1993 DollarsPrice of Gas in 1993 Dollars
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Hybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell Cars
Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine
Fig. 18-9 p. 385
Hybrid-electric cars are powered by a battery and a small ICE that recharges the battery.
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Toyota Prius
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Ford Escape Hybrid
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Fuel Cell CarsFuel Cell Cars
Fuel cell cars run on hydrogen and produce little pollution.
Combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water vapor.
Ford Focus Fuel Cell Car
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Fuel CellsFuel Cells
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GM’s prototype future fuel cell car. No engine noise, no pollution, no greenhouse gasses.
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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?
Chicago’s Sears Tower uses more energy in a day than a city of 150,000
Atlanta’s Georgia Power Company uses 60% less energy than other buildings it size.
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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings? How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?
We can save energy in buildings by
• Getting heat from the sun
• Insulating well
• Using plants for shade and wind blockage
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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?Super insulated house:
• Costs 5% more to build
• Can use 90% less energy for heating and cooling
Green Roofs:
• Plants or gardens on roof help insulate from heat in summer and cold in winter
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An infrared photo showing heat loss (red, white and orange) around windows, doors, roofs.
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How can we save energy in existing buildings?How can we save energy in existing buildings?
We can save energy in existing buildings by:
• insulating them
• plugging leaks
• using heating, electricity, cooling, appliances and lighting more efficiently
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Insulate and plug leaksInsulate and plug leaks
1/3rd of heated air in U.S. homes is lost through windows, holes and cracks.
Insulating and plugging holes is the easiest and cheapest ways to save energy.
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Use Efficient WindowsUse Efficient Windows
Double pained, insulating windows cost more, but can save money in the long run.
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Heat House More EfficientlyHeat House More Efficiently
Using the most efficient heating system available.
Some natural gas furnaces can reach 85-98% efficiency
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Heat Water More Efficiently Heat Water More Efficiently
There are several new technologies to heat water more efficiently:
• Tankless, instant heaters
• Well insulated tank
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Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances
Microwaves, refrigerators, washers, driers, lights all come with energy star labels
¼ of electricity bill is lighting
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Cut Off Electrical Devises Not In UseCut Off Electrical Devises Not In Use
When not using lights, computers, TV’s and other electrical devises they should be turned off.
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Review Section 2Review Section 2
• How can we save energy in industry?• How can we save energy in
transportation?• How can we design buildings to save
energy?• How can we save energy in existing
buildings?• Why are we still wasting so much
energy?
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Section 3: Producing Energy With Solar Power: Key IdeasSection 3: Producing Energy With Solar Power: Key Ideas
• What are the main types of renewable energy?
• How can we use direct solar energy to heat and cool homes?
• How can we use solar energy to produce electricity?
• What are solar cells?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of solar cells?
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What are the main types of renewable energy?What are the main types of renewable energy?The next several sections
we will go through:• Solar Energy• Flowing Water• Wind• Biomass• Geothermal• Hydrogen• Other possible renewable
energy sources.
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What are the main types of renewable energy?What are the main types of renewable energy?
• EU by 2020: 22% renewable
• CA gets 12% from renewable (20% by 2020)
• Union of Concerned Scientists study said 20% by 2020 is possible
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Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat
Passive solar heating: absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure
Has been used for thousands of years.
Passive solar heating: absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure
Has been used for thousands of years.
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Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat
Active Solar: absorbs heat energy from sun by pumping heat absorbent fluid through collectors.
Great for hot water heaters in warmer climates
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Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for ElectricitySolar energy can be converted directly into electricity using
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (PV) or “Solar Cells”
Sunlight energizes electron to flow in a semi conductor producing an electrical current
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Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar Cells can be incorporated into roofing and windows.
High costs are expected to fall
Currently only supply 0.05% of world electricity
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Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity
Great for rural locations
BP in 2004 began to mass produce cells
With increased R&D and government help --- 25% by 2040???
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Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar Thermal Systems: large solar arrays in sunny areas can produce high-temperature heat for:
• Electricity
• Hot water
• Heating
• Wash Machines
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Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells
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Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle: Section 4 Key Concepts
Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle: Section 4 Key Concepts
• How can we produce electricity from flowing water?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?
• What is tidal and wave power?
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Producing Electricity from Moving WaterProducing Electricity from Moving Water
Large-scale hydropower Large-scale hydropower
Small-scale hydropower Small-scale hydropower
Pumped-storage hydropower Pumped-storage hydropower
Tidal power plant Tidal power plant
Wave power plant Wave power plant
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Renewable HydropowerRenewable HydropowerWater flowing in rivers
and streams can be trapped in reservoirs behind a dam and released to spin turbines to produce electricity.
In 2002, hyrdro accounted for 20% of world electricity (Norway 99%, U.S. 7% -- 50% in west)
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Renewable HydropowerRenewable Hydropower
According to UN only 13% of potential hydropower has been developed
Large Scale Hydro Power has been curtailed recently by environmental concerns
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Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs
Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs
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Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower DamsReviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams
Fig. 15-9 p. 313
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Hoover Dam
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Tidal PowerTidal Power
Using the twice daily natural rise and fall of tidal waters to produce power.
Newer concept
Lot of potential in certain tidal regions.
Problems???
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Tidal Power
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Wave PowerWave Power
Using the constant wave action along shorelines to produce power.
Another form of wind power.
Problems???
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Producing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key ConceptsProducing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key Concepts
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Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind
Fig. 18-23 p. 396 Fig. 18-24 p. 397
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Altamont Pass California
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Atlantic City
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http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/where_is_wind_new_jersey.asp
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Producing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from Biomass
Biomass and biofuelsBiomass and biofuels
Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations
Crop residuesCrop residues
Animal manureAnimal manure
Biogas Biogas
Ethanol Ethanol
MethanolMethanol Fig. 18-25 p. 398
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Geothermal heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps
Geothermal exchangeGeothermal exchange
Dry and wet steamDry and wet steam
Hot waterHot water
Molten rock (magma)Molten rock (magma)
Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones
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The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution
Extracting hydrogen efficientlyExtracting hydrogen efficiently
Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen
Fuel cellsFuel cells
Environmentally friendly hydrogenEnvironmentally friendly hydrogen
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The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution
Fig. 18-31 p. 403
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Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerEntering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
Decentralized power systems Decentralized power systems
Micropower systems Micropower systems
Fig. 18-32 p. 405
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Solutions: A Sustainable Energy StrategySolutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy
Fig. 18-35 p. 407
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