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Today and Tomorrow 12th Edition
Understanding Computers
Chapter 8
The Internet and the World Wide Web
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Chapter 8 Understanding Computers, 12th Edition 2
Learning Objectives• Discuss how the Internet evolved and what it is like
today.
• Identify the various types of individuals, companies, and organizations involved in the Internet community and explain their purposes.
• Describe device and connection options for connecting to the Internet, as well as some considerations to keep in mind when selecting an ISP.
• Understand how to effectively search for information on the Internet and how to properly cite Internet resources.
• List several useful things that can be done using the Internet, in addition to basic browsing and e-mail.
• Discuss censorship and privacy and how they are related to Internet use.
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Overview• This chapter covers:
– The evolution of the Internet
– The Internet community
– Different options for connecting to the Internet
– Internet searching
– Common Internet applications beyond Web browsing and e-mail
– Censorship and privacy issues
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Evolution of the Internet• Internet: Largest and most well-known computer
network, linking millions of computers all over the world
– Furnishes a standard way of sending messages and information across virtually any type of computer platform and transmission media
– While Internet has become a household word only during the past decade, it has actually operated in one form or another for much longer than that
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Evolution of the Internet• ARPANET: The predecessor of the Internet, named after
the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which sponsored its development– Initially connected four supercomputers– Eventually grew into today’s Internet
• The World Wide Web: The collection of Web pages available through the Internet– Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989– Originally only text-based content– Release of the graphical Mosaic browser in 1993 led
to graphical content– Wide variety of content available via Web pages today
• Internet2: Researches advanced Internet applications and technologies
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Evolution of the Internet
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The Internet Community Today• Most members of the Internet community fall into one
or more of the following groups– Users: People who use the Internet– Internet service providers (ISPs): Provide access to
the Internet, typically for a fee
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The Internet Community Today– Internet content providers: Supply the information
that is available on the Internet• Businesses and schools• Government• Individuals
– Application service providers (ASPs): Provide access to Web-based software applications
– Web services: Added to Web pages to provide specific services for end users
– Infrastructure companies: Own or operating the physical structure of the Internet
– Hardware and software companies
– The government and other organizations
• Internet Society, ICANN, W3C, etc.
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Myths About the Internet• Myth 1: The Internet is free
– Most people and businesses pay for Internet access
– Free services are often in exchange for providing contact information or viewing advertisements
– Fee-based content is growing
– Micropayments may be implemented in the future for Web content
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Myths About the Internet• Myth 2: Someone controls the Internet
– No single entity controls the Internet
– Governments can somewhat regulate Internet use within its country but difficult to control it well
• Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are identical
– Internet = physical network
– WWW = one resource (Web pages) available via the Internet
– Other resources are available via the Internet
• e.g. FTP
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FTP
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Getting Set Up to Use the Internet• Typically involves three decisions:
– Determining the type of device you will use to access the Internet
– Selecting the type of connection desired
– Deciding on the Internet service provider to be used
• Once these determinations have been made, your computer can be set up to access the Internet
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Type of Device• Possible devices include:
– Desktop, notebook, or tablet PCs
– Internet appliances
– Mobile devices
– Gaming devices
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Type of Connection and Internet Access
• Connections can be:– Dial-up
• PC has to dial via a phone line to connect• Conventional dial-up
– Slower, but cheaper– Ties up phone lines– Relatively secure from hackers
• ISDN– Faster, but pricey– Doesn’t tie up phone line– Used by businesses and individuals
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Type of Connection and Internet Access
– Direct (always on)
• PC is continually connected to the Internet
• Direct connections are typically broadband
• Used in the home and office
• Because you are always connected, it is important to protect your computer from hackers
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Direct Connections• T1 lines: High-speed, usually used by schools and
large businesses– T3 lines are even faster
• Cable: Most widely used home broadband connection• DSL: Broadband delivered over telephone lines
– Must be less than 3 miles from a switching station– Transmits over telephone lines but does not tie up
the line• Satellite: Broadband option for rural areas
– Slower and more expensive that cable or DSL– Available in many areas other broadband options
are not
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Direct Connections• Fixed wireless: Uses radio transmission towers rather
than satellites– Not available in all areas– Expected to use WiMAX• Broadband over Fiber (BoF): Delivers over fiber-optic
cabling all the way to the building– Available in limited areas– Fast but expensive• Mobile wireless: Access via mobile phone or device• Hotspot: Public wireless networks– Both free and fee-based are available– Currently Wi-Fi so short range, but WiMAX may soon
be an option
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Hotspots
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Common Types of Internet Connections
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Selecting an ISP
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Setting Up Your PC• To set up your PC
– Install necessary hardware
– Install necessary software
– Select user name, access telephone number (for dial-up connections), and a payment method
– Perform any necessary set-up to share the connection with other computers or devices
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Searching the Internet• Effective Internet searching: A very important skill• Search sites: Web sites that help you find Web pages
containing the information you are seeking• Typically use a search engine in conjunction
with a database containing information about Web pages to locate appropriate Web pages
• Many search sites available• Real-time search engines are emerging
– Search the Web live rather than relying on a database
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Searching the Internet• Keyword search
– Keywords are typed in a search box to locate information on the Internet
– Matching Web pages are called hits– Clicking on a Web page name displays that page
• Directory search– Categories are selected to locate information on
the Internet• Some search sites search multiple search sites
(metasearch sites) and others allow natural language searches
• Many search sites contain additional tools– Search for music files, image files, newsgroups,
news articles, maps, people, telephone numbers– Google is one of the most versatile search sites
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Searching the Internet
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Search Site Tools
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Search Strategies• Use phrase searching (more than one keyword)
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Search Strategies• Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
• Use multiple search sites
• Use appropriate keywords
• Use synonyms (different words that mean the same thing)
• Use variant word forms (variations of your keywords, alternate spellings, etc.)
• Use wildcards (such as * to search for keyword patterns)
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Search Strategies• Use field searches (searches limited to a particular
characteristic, such as page title, page text, URL, or domain)
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Evaluating Search Results• The quality of a hit can be preliminarily evaluated by
looking at:– Page title and description– Company or organization hosting the page
• General guidelines for evaluating a Web page include considering:– Source– Author– Timeliness– Accuracy
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Evaluating Search Results
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Citing Internet Resources• To avoid plagiarism, proper citation procedures should
be used for all Internet content used in a paper, book, or on a Web site
• Plagiarism is discussed in more detail in Chapter 16
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Beyond Browsing and E-Mail• Many other activities available via the Internet in
addition to Web browsing and e-mail– Online communications– Social networking– Online shopping and investing– Online entertainment– Online news, reference, and information– Online education and writing
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Types of Online Communications• Types of online communications
– Instant messaging (IM): Exchange of real-time messages
• Buddy list• Presence technology
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Types of Online Communications– Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP): Making telephone calls over the Internet
• PC to PC• Voice over Wi-Fi• Permanent set-
ups
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Types of Online Communications– Discussion groups (message boards, newsgroups,
or online forums): Read and post messages– Chat rooms: Multiple users chat in real time– Videoconferencing: Two-way conference using
computers and communications technology– Webinars: Web seminar, more one-way– Blogs (Web log): Post short, frequently updates
entries in chronological order
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Social Networking• Social networking sites: Create a community of
individuals with common interests
– MySpace, Facebook, etc. allow people to post information about themselves
– Video and photo sharing (YouTube, Flickr, etc.
– Collaborative news communities (Digg)
– Social bookmarking (del.icio.us)
– Used for politics and business
• Business networking sites
• Family networking sites
• Users should be careful not to reveal too much about themselves for safety reasons
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Social Networking
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Online Shopping and Investing• E-commerce: Online financial transactions
• Precautions
– Be sure all e-commerce activities are performed via a secure Web server (https://)
– Use a credit card whenever possible
• Online shopping: Purchasing goods and services online
– Can purchase items via manufacturers, large businesses, small businesses, etc.
– Usually paid via credit card, though other options may be available
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Online Shopping and Investing• Online auctions: Buying via an auction format online
(eBay, etc.)
– Buy from individuals
– Can bid until auction closes
– Buyer arranges payments and delivery with seller
– Seller pays auction fees
• Online banking (transfer funds, check balances, pay bills, etc.)
• Online investing (buy and sell stocks, bonds, and other securities
– Online portfolios
– Some stock quotes are delayed
• Auction and stock quote pages may need to be reloaded to show current data
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Online Shopping and Investing
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Online Entertainment• Online music
– Internet radio stations: Listen to music live– Online music stores: Used to purchase and
download music singles and albums in digital format legally
– Some available legally via peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing services
• Online TV, online videos, video-on-demand (VoD)– Live TV, full episodes– Music, news, home videos, etc.– VoD: Movies and other video content ordered and
delivered on demand• Online gaming: Games played over the Internet
– Web-based games, online multiplayer games, etc.
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Online Entertainment
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Online News, Reference, and Information
• Online news– Available through Web sites belonging to news
organizations, television networks, newspapers, magazines, etc.
– News sites are usually regularly updated throughout the day
– News archives are often available (sometimes requires a fee)
• Reference sites– Provide access to specific types of useful
information– Phone and address directories, weather, maps,
home values, encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.
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Online News, Reference, and Information
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Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and Widgets
• Portal Web page: Designed to be displayed as a browser’s home page and visited on a regular basis– Often contain
news, calendars, e-mail, and other tools
– Usually personalized
– iGoogle, My Yahoo!, My MSN, etc.
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Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and Widgets
• RSS (Really Simple Syndication): Delivers news, podcasts, and other regularly published content– Individuals subscribe to an RSS feed and new
content is delivered to them as it becomes available
• Podcasts: Recorded audio or video available via the Internet– Prepared by individuals and companies
• Widgets: Small programs displayed on portal pages, desktops, dashboards, etc.– Can be used to display headlines, among other
uses– e.g. Windows Vista gadgets
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Product, Corporate, and Government Information
• The Web is a useful tool for locating product and corporate information, as well as governmental information and publications
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Online Education• Online education: Using the Internet to facilitate
learning
– Web-based training (WBT): Instruction delivered via the Web
• Corporate training, tutorials, etc.
– Distance learning: Students take classes from location other than campus
• Advantages: Self-paced instruction, flexible location, up-to-date material, immediate feedback, and customized content
• Disadvantages: Technology requirements and problems, anonymity, and lack of face-to-face contact
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Online Education• This textbook has:
– Web site at www.course.com/uc12 with interactive activities, practice tests, etc.
– Blackboard learning platform
– SAM 2007 testing, etc.
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Online Education– Online testing: Taking tests via the Internet
• Available for both objective and performance-based exams
• Typically are graded automatically
• Security is an issue
– Authorizedtesting centers
– Securetesting systems
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Online Education– Online writing
• Blogs: Personal Web logs
• Wikis: Editable collaborative Web page
• E-portfolios: Personal online portfolio
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Censorship and Privacy Issues• Censorship issues
– Some countries block some Internet content
– Free speech vs. offensive or indecent materials
– Internet filtering: Using software or browser options to block access to particular Web pages or types of Web pages
• Used by individuals, schools, employers, public computers, etc.
• Can use browser settings or special filtering software
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Internet Filtering
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Censorship and Privacy Issues• Web browsing privacy: Privacy of Web activities
– Cookies: Small files stored on the user’s hard drive by a Web server
• Add functionality (such as shopping carts and personal preferences) to Web sites
• Can be used to track Web activity
• Cookie information can be personally identifiable or non-personally identifiable
• Cookie data can be viewed or deleted
• Cookie settings can be changed and software can be used to manage cookies
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Cookies
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Cookies
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Censorship and Privacy Issues• Web bugs: Small, usually invisible, images on a Web
page that transmits data to a Web server– Difficult to spot or stop– Software can be used to notify you when Web bugs
are being used• Spyware: Software that transmits data secretly
through the user’s Internet connection– Can be blocked and/or removed using security
software (discussed in Chapter 9)• Adware: Software supported by onscreen advertising
– Often included in free programs
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Censorship and Privacy Issues• E-mail privacy: Privacy of the e-mail messages you
send and receive– Only encrypted e-mail can
be transmitted privately– Employers and ISPs have
access to the e-mail you send through those organizations
– Businesses and ISPs typically archive e-mail messages
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Summary• Evolution of the Internet
• Getting Set Up to Use the Internet
• Searching the Internet
• Beyond Browsing and E-Mail
• Censorship and Privacy Issues