Download - Chapter 7 multicellular plants
![Page 1: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7
Multicellular Primary Producers
![Page 2: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Seaweeds
Seaweeds!!! Come in all kinds of interestingShapes and sizes! • some are delicious! • some are poisonous • Some have weird names • Come in all sorts of colors
![Page 3: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Seaweed Structure
• Thallus-body• Lack vascular tissue -Do not
have roots, stems, or leaves
• Holdfast -The structure that attaches the seaweed
to the substrate • Stipe-stem-like structure
![Page 4: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)• Contain chlorophylls a and b for photosynthesis• Most are freshwater • Ecologically important
– food source – Contribute to coral reef formation– Some are invasive
![Page 5: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Green algae structure
• Most unicellular• Marine species have coenocytic thallus-
containing more than 1 nucleus– Occurs by cell growing– nucleus divides
but cell never divides
![Page 6: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reproduction of Algae
• Sexual • Gametes released from gametophyte 2 flagella• spores released from sporophyte- 4 flagella
![Page 7: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Representative species
• Halimeda• Caluerpa-invasive
![Page 8: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CFU: Green Algae
• Are green algae unicellular or multicellular • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • What is an important organelle in
photosynthesis • How does green algae grow in length?
– Same cell, division of nucleus • What is the function of the Stipe?
![Page 9: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Red Algae
![Page 10: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Primarily marine• Most diverse among seaweeds• Cholorphylls a and d, pigments:
phycoerythrins and phycocyanins • Not always red in color- can appear yellow to
black
![Page 11: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structure
• Multicellular and less than 1 meter long• Wide variety of shapes and organization
among species
![Page 12: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Reproduction
• Can vary from simple to complex…but 2 unique features………..
1. Lack flagella on spores and gametes
2. 3 multicellular stages1. Carpospore-unique
to red algae
![Page 13: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ecological Roles
• Porphhra- used as food in oriental dishes• Seasonal food source for urchins, mollusks,
fish, and crustaceans• Some grow on other plants or animals• Help form base of coral reef• Agar- used as a thickening agent in foods such
as ice cream, pudding, and salad dressings• Used in cosmetics for creamy foundations
![Page 14: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CFU: Red Algae
• Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?• Multicellular or unicellular • What are the two unique stages? • What organisms feed on red algae?
![Page 15: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Brown Algae
![Page 16: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
• Mostly marine• Higher diversity than green but less diverse
than red• Size: from microscopic to kelps (100 meters)• Chlorophylls a and c and pigment fucoxanthin• Mostly in high latitudes• Large flat leaf-like blades with bladders help
bouy plant toward light• Representative species Sargassum, Fucus
![Page 17: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
reproduction
• Gametophyte is eliminated from life cycle (difference from Chlorophyta and
Rhodophyta)• Egg develops
root-like structures (rhizoids) after fertilization
![Page 18: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ecological role
• Habitats for a variety of marine life• Harvested for thickening agents used in
dentistry, cosmetic, and food industries• Previously iodine was extracted and put into
table salt (iodized salt) to prevent a goiter
![Page 19: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Human Impacts • Excessive nutrients
– Runoff from fertilizer • Causes huge algae
blooms! – When algae dies off
decomposers consume majority of the oxygen in the environment
– Eutrophication • Kills off fish and marine
life
![Page 20: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CFU: Algae
• What macromolecule allows algae to live in marine environments without swelling?
• What causes algae blooms? • What is this process called? • What are the harmful effects of algae blooms?
![Page 21: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sea grasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves
![Page 22: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Salt Marsh Plants and Sea Grasses
• Salt marshes are in Estuaries – The kidneys of the coasts
• Nursery for small fish – 75% of commercial fish are hatched in estuaries
• Estuaries are severly affected by humans – Coastal development – Pollution – Eutrophication
• Protect us from storms
![Page 23: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phylum Anthophyta• Seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves• Ecological Roles- Primary producers, habitats,
stabilizing sediments• Help slow down erosion • Have to deal with extreme changes in salinty
and oxygen Mixing of salt and fresh water Eutrophication
![Page 24: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sea grasses (marine flowering plants)
• Related to lilies• Reproduce by pollination of seed; Male and female flowers on
separate plants contain pollen• Literally look like grass • Food for manatees and sea turtles • Can live up to 100 meters below sea level
![Page 25: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sea Grasses in Florida
• 12 genra– Genra native to Florida
• Syringodium -manateegrass
• Halophila-paddlegrass• Thalassia- turtlegrass• Ruppia- • Halodule- shoalgrass
![Page 26: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Salt Marsh Plants• Adapted to high levels of salinity and tidal action• Found in estuaries – level of succession based on salinity and tidal tolerance• Species native to Jacksonville
– Spartina Alternaflora– Batis Maritima– Spartina patens– Juncus– Salicornia virginica
![Page 27: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mangroves
• Found in south of St. Augustine to Key West• 3 genra local to Florida
– Rhizophora mangle –red mangle-----prop roots– Avicennia germinans – black mangle---
pneumatophores– Laguncularia racemosa- white mangle
• Distinctive by their root system and pods
![Page 28: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mangroves: Highly adaptive
• Use active transport to regulate water levels in their roots
• Live in anaerobic mud– Why they stand above
the water
• Protect coral reefs from eutrophication – Filter, kidney
![Page 29: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Help Protect Coastal Development2004 Indian OceanTsunami
![Page 30: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mangrove reproduction
• Flowers pollinated by wind or bees• Embryo grows on the plant in a propagule
(similar to seed)• Propagule eventually falls from parent and is
carried by current until it settles and takes root
![Page 31: Chapter 7 multicellular plants](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062705/55642cf4d8b42a06138b4900/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Black Mangrove
Red Mangrove
Red, White, and Black mangrove leaves
White Mangrove