Chapter 5: The Periodic Table
5.1 Organizing the elements
5.2 The Modern Periodic Table
5.3 Representative groups
Section 5.1
Organization of the Elements
Search for Order 1750 only 17 elements known 1789 Antoine Lavoisier grouped known
elements (4 groups) Metals Non-metals Gases Earths
Next 80 yrs scientists looked for better way to classify known elements
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table 1869….Dmitri Mendeleev
(Russian teacher and chemist) organized known elements while playing solitaire Made deck of cards with elements Listed name, mass and properties
Paid attention to how elements reacted in chemical reactions
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Strategy for organization: What did he look at?
chemical propertiesphysical propertiesatomic massdensitycolormelting pointValence electrons (sec 5.3)
Mendeleev’s Proposal
Elements arranged in rows based on increasing mass.
Elements with similar properties are in same column.
Chart was a Periodic Table - arrangement of elements in columns based on a set of properties that repeat.
Mendeleev’s Prediction Table incomplete–
elements not yet discovered
Left spaces in table for undiscovered elements
Good models allow for predictions to be made based on model
Used properties of nearby elements to predict properties of unknown elements
He called this element eka-Aluminum.
Later it was renamed Gallium after its
discovery in 1875
Evidence Supporting Mendeleev’s Table
Close match between Mendeleev’s predictions and the actual properties of new elements showed how useful table was. Ex. Discovery of: Aluminum, Gallium, Scandium,
and Germanium
http://www.iteachbio.com/Chemistry/Chemistry/The%20Periodic%20Table.mov
Section 5.2The Modern Periodic
TableThe Elements by Tom Lehrer
YOU NEED 3 DIFFERENT YOU NEED 3 DIFFERENT COLORED PENCILSCOLORED PENCILS
The Modern Periodic Table
“Periodic” - Repeating patterns
Listed in order of increasing number of protons (atomic #)
Properties of elements repeat Periodic Law-Periodic Law- when elements arranged by increasing
number of protons, properties repeat in pattern
Columns in the Periodic Table
-vertical (up & down) -called groups or families-#ed 1-18 or 1A through 8A-elements in same family have
similar properties
Rows in the Periodic Table
-horizontal (left – right)-called a period-properties change greatly across
period-first element in period is very active
metal-last element in most periods is noble
gas-7 periods (number them on your
periodic table)
Element Key
Important information about an element is given in each square of the periodic table: its atomic number chemical symbol element name average atomic mass
6
CCarbon12.01
For example:Carbon has atomic # 6 (or has 6 protons), an average atomic mass of 12.01 and a symbol of C
Atomic Mass
Two isotopes of copper 72% copper-6328% copper-65
Makes the average 63.56 amu
Determining Average Atomic Mass
Metals Most solids (Hg is liquid) Luster – shiny. Ductile – drawn into thin
wires. Malleable – hammered into
sheets. Conductors of heat and
electricity. Include transition metals –
“bridge” between elements on left & right of table
Non-Metals
Properties are generally opposite of metals
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Low boiling points Many are gases at room temperature Solid, non-metals are brittle (break
easily) Chemical properties vary
Metalloids
stair-step pattern Have properties similar to
metals and non-metals Ability to conduct heat and
electricity varies with temp Better than non-metals but
not metals
Variation Across a Period: Left to Right
Physical and Chemical properties Atomic size decreasesMetallic properties decreaseAbility to lose an electron decreasesAbility to gain electrons increases
Section 5.3Representative Groups
The Elements
Hip Hop Classroom
What are Valence electrons?
outermost e-’s Responsible for chem props Elements in same group… same # of VE ALL atoms want full outer energy level (usually 8 VE) To get full outer energy level, some elements:
lose e- (metals) gain e- (non-metals) share electrons (some non-metals & metalloids)
Introducing the ten major
groups (families) on the modern Periodic
Table:
Alkali Metals- 1 valence electron (VE)- soft, silver-white, shiny
metals- never found pure - most reactive metals- Reactivity increases
down group
reactivity increases
potassium
Label the Alkali Metals to your PT
Alkaline Earth Metals
- 2 VE- not as reactive as
alkali metals- often mixed with
Al- forms strong/light
weight alloys
magnesium
Alkaline Earth Metals
Magnesium Used to make steel
(light metal w/o losing strength)
photosynthesis (chlorophyll)
Calcium bones & teeth Chalk, limestone, pearls,
plaster
Label the Alkaline Earth Metals to your PT
Boron Family
Boron Hard/brittle never found
pure in nature in borax...used
to make detergents & cosmetics
-3 VE
Boron FamilyAluminum most
abundant metal in earth’s crust
important metal for industry light, strong,
slow to corrode
13
AlAluminu
m26.98
Aluminum
Label the Boron Family on your PT
Carbon Family- 4 VE- Can gain 4 e-,
lose 4 e-, or share e-
- Most compounds in body contain C
- Si 2nd most abundant element in Earth’s crust
- Si used to tip saw blades
silicon
Label the Carbon Family on your PT
Nitrogen Family- 5 VE - Tend to gain 3 e-- N and P used in
fertilizers- P on tips of
matches
Arsenic
Label the Nitrogen Family on your PT
Oxygen Family- 6 VE- Tend to gain 2 e-- O very abundant
element- S used in fertilizers- O needed for digestion
sulfur
Label the Oxygen Family on your PT
Halogen Family (“salt-former”)
-7 VE-most active nonmetals-never found pure in nature-react with alkali metals
easily (forms salts)-F most active halogen
Halogens cont…
F compounds in toothpasteCl kills bacteriaI keeps thyroid gland
working properly
bromine
Label the Halogen Group on your Periodic TableLabel the Halogen Group on your Periodic Table
The Noble Gases (Inert Gases)
- non-reactive- outermost e-
shell is full (8 VE)
- In “neon” lights-in earth’s
atmosphere (less than 1%)
Neon
Label the Noble Gases on your Periodic TableLabel the Noble Gases on your Periodic Table
Transition Metals Almost all solids at room temp (Hg exception) ductile, malleable, conductors VE varies Less Reactive than Groups 1 & 2 Fe, Co, and Ni produce magnetic field
mercury
Label the Transition Metals on your periodic tableLabel the Transition Metals on your periodic table
Rare Earth ElementsLanthanide series (period 6)Actinide Series (period 7)
Some radioactive Separated from table to make easy to
read/print silver, silvery-white, or gray metals. Conduct electricity
uranium
Label the Lanthanide Series on your PT
Label the Actinide Series on your PT
You may watch more videos about the elements at:
http://www.periodicvideos.com/
or sing along at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGM-wSKFBpo&feature=related
hip hop classroom
elemental funkiness - Mark Rosengarten