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Chapter 5
The Body as a Whole
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs, and list the major body systems.
2. List four types of tissue and recognize terms for their abnormal development.
3. Recognize the directional terms and planes of the body, match them with their descriptions, and write their combining forms.
4. Identify the body cavities, the body regions, and the four abdominal quadrants.
5. Recognize the terms for diagnostic procedures and disorders presented in Chapter 5.
Slide 2 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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6. Recognize the meanings of Chapter 5 word parts and use them to build and analyze medical terms.
7. Write terms pertaining to body fluids and blood and their disorders, as well as associated terms.
8. Write terms about body defenses, immunity, and bioterrorism when given their definitions or match them with their meanings.
9. Spell medical terms correctly.
Learning Objectives, cont.
Slide 3 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-1 Organization scheme of the body. All of its parts, from tiny atoms to visible structures, work together to make a functioning whole. The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
Slide 4 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Body Systems muscular
skeletal
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
Slide 5 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Body Systems, cont. urinary
reproductive integumentary
nervous endocrine
Slide 6 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-2 Major types of tissue. Label the types of tissue: A, epithelial tissue of the type that comprises several cellular layers; B, connective tissue of elastic fibers; C, nervous tissue; D, muscle tissue of the striated type. A and D from Herlihy B, Maebius, NK: The human body in health and illness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.
Slide 7 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Cell Development Terms -plasia means formation
dysplasia
aplasia
hypoplasia
hyperplasia anaplasia
-trophy means nutrition hypertrophy
Slide 8 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-3 Comparison of hypertrophy and hyperplasia. A representation of tissue enlargement by hypertrophy and hyperplasia. From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum,
ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders-Elsevier.
Slide 9 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-4 Anatomic position with reference systems. The erect anterior view with palms forward is used as the point of reference in anatomic nomenclature. A, Frontal plane; B, transverse plane; C, midsagittal plane, also showing the posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects.
Slide 10 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Directional Word Parts and Terms
anter/o toward the front; ventral poster/o toward the back, dorsal ventr/o belly side dors/o back side medi/o middle later/o toward the side trans- across
Slide 11 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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super/o uppermost infer/o lowermost proxim/o nearer the origin dist/o far or distant (so does tel/e) cephal/o toward the head caud/o toward the tail
Directional Word Parts and Terms, Cont.
Slide 12 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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combining forms combine to form directional terms anter/o + medi/o + -an = anteromedian
poster/o + medi/o = posteromedian
dors/o + later/o = dorsolateral
poster/o + later/o = posterolateral
anter/o + later/o = anterolateral
medi/o + later/o = mediolateral
infer/o + medi/o = inferomedian
Directional Word Parts and Terms, Cont.
Slide 13
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Quick Quiz!
A. aplasia B. anaplasia C. dysplasia D. hypoplasia
What term means the abnormal development of tissues or organs?
Slide 14 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-5 Patient positioning for a chest x-ray. A, In a posteroanterior (PA) projection, the anterior aspect of the chest is closest to the image receptor. B, In an anteroposterior (AP) projection, the posterior aspect of the chest is closest to the image receptor. C, In a left lateral chest projection, the left side of the patient is placed against the image receptor. From Ballinger PW, Frank ED: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic procedures, vol 1,
ed 10, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
Slide 15 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-6 Comparison of pronation and supination. A, Prone, lying facedown. B, Supine, lying on the back. C, Supination and pronation of the elbow and wrist joints, which permit the palm of the hand to turn up (supination) or down (pronation).
Slide 16 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-7 The dorsal and ventral cavities. Label the numbered structures as you read. The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity (1) and spinal cavity (2). The ventral cavity is divided into the thoracic cavity (3) and the abdominopelvic cavity, which is subdivided into the abdominal cavity (4) and the pelvic cavity (5).
Slide 17 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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telecardiogram
Directional Word Parts and Terms, Cont.
Slide 18 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Body Regions head
neck
torso extremities
Slide 19 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures
abdomin/o abdomen
acr/o extremities
blephar/o eyelid
cephal/o head
Slide 20 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures
chir/o hands
cyst/o cyst, bladder, or sac
dactyl/o digits lapar/o abdominal wall
omphal/o umbilicus
onych/o nail
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures, cont.
pelv/i pelvis
periton/o peritoneum
pod/o feet
som/a, somat/o body thorac/o chest (thorax)
Slide 21 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-8 Abdominal quadrants. The four quadrants in this anatomic division of the abdomen are determined by drawing a vertical and horizontal line through the umbilicus. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ are abbreviations for right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant, respectively.
From Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby.
Slide 22 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-9 Abdominal paracentesis. In this surgical puncturing of the abdomen, fluid is withdrawn for diagnosis or to remove excess fluid.
Slide 23 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-10 Ascites. This abnormal accumulation of a fluid in the peritoneal cavity is treated with dietary therapy and drugs. Abdominal paracentesis may be performed to relieve the pressure of the accumulated fluid. From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, et al: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of
clinical problems, ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby-Elsevier.
Slide 24 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-11 Common types of abdominal hernias. A, Umbilical hernias result from a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus. An incisional hernia is herniation through inadequately healed surgery. In a femoral hernia, a loop of intestine descends through the femoral canal into the groin (femoral means pertaining to the thigh). B, Inguinal hernias are of two types. A direct hernia occurs through an area of weakness in the abdominal wall. In an indirect hernia, a loop of intestine descends through the inguinal canal, an opening in the abdominal wall for passage of the spermatic cord in males, and a ligament of the uterus in females.
Slide 25 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Body Fluids
intracellular
extracellular
edema
Slide 26 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-12 The body’s fluid compartments. Fluid makes up 60% of the adult’s body weight, and most is intracellular fluid. Two types of extracellular fluid are interstitial fluid and plasma. Plasma is the fluid part of the blood.
Slide 27 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Word Parts: Body Fluids crin/o, -crine secrete
dacry/o, lacrim/o tear, tearing or crying
-emia condition of the blood
hidr/o sweat or perspiration
hydr/o water
Slide 28 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Word Parts: Body Fluids, cont. lymph/o lymph
muc/o mucus
-poiesis production
-poietin substance that causes production
py/o pus
sial/o saliva (or salivary glands)
ur/o urine (or urinary tract)
Slide 29 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-13 An abscess. The pus is contained within a thin, pyogenic membrane surrounded by harder granulation tissue, the tissue’s response to the infection.
From Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary, ed 31, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders-Elsevier.
Slide 30 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-14 Four-month-old child with hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is usually caused by obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. If hydrocephalus occurs in an infant, the soft bones of the skull push apart as the head increases in size.
From Hart CA, Broadhead RL: Colour atlas of pediatric infectious diseases, London, 1992, Mosby-Wolfe.
Slide 31 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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coagul/o coagulation
cyt/o cell
erythr/o red
hem/o, hemat/o blood
Word Parts: Body Fluids, cont.
Slide 32 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Word Parts: Body Fluids, con leuk/o white
thromb/o clot
-cyte cell
-osis increased or
abnormal when cellular components
-penia deficiency
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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What does sial/o mean? A. sodium B. saliva or salivary gland C. sweat D. cell
Quick Quiz!
Slide 33 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Glands
salivary
thyroid
adrenal
sudoriferous
Slide 34 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-15 Composition of the blood. The cells and cell fragments are heavier than the liquid matrix, the plasma. When treated blood is spun in a centrifuge, the heavier elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and blood platelets) are packed into the bottom of the tube.
From Applegate E: The anatomy and physiology learning system, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.
Slide 35 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-16 Blood coagulation. This scanning electron micrograph has been colored to emphasize the different structures. Red blood cells (red) are entangled with the fibrin (yellow). Note the thin center and the thick edges that give red blood cells a concave appearance. The platelets (blue), which initiate clotting, are also visible.
Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc, 1994.
Slide 36 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig 5-17 Stained blood. There are normally many more erythrocytes (red blood cells) than leukocytes (white blood cells). Only one leukocyte is shown here, although there are many types, each containing a nucleus. Platelets, tiny cell fragments, are also shown.
From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color textbook of histology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders.
Slide 37 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Blood Terminology erythrocytosis erythrocytopenia, erythropenia leukocytosis leukocytopenia, leukopenia leukemia thrombocytosis thrombopenia
Slide 38
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Blood Defenses and Immunity
immunity
resistance
susceptibility
inflammation
Slide 39 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Blood Defenses and Immunity, cont. phagocytosis interferon complement antigen antibody
Slide 40 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Blood Defenses and Immunity, cont. immunization
vaccination
immunocompromised, immunosuppressive,
immunosuppressant
hypersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis
AIDS
Slide 41 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-18 Four types of specific immunity. Active natural immunity and passive natural immunity, as the names imply, occur through the normal activities of either an individual contracting a disease or a fetus being exposed to maternal antibodies. Both active artificial and passive artificial immunities require deliberate actions of receiving vaccinations or antibodies.
From Applegate E: The anatomy and physiology learning system, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.
Slide 42 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Additional Terminology
benign
malignant
metastasis, metastasize
bioterrorism
Slide 43 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Quick Quiz!
The two kinds of body defenses are A. nonspecific and specific resistance B. cell-mediated and antibody-mediated C. erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis D. vaccination and antibiotic
Slide 44 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 5-19 Bacteria in body fluids. B, Gram-positive cocci in a Gram stain of a direct smear. Note the small size of the bacteria (which stain purple) compared with the much larger cells. D, Gram-negative bacilli (arrow) in the presence of numerous leukocytes in a Gram stain of a direct smear. F, Spirochetes in a special preparation from material collected from a chancre, a skin lesion that occurs in syphilis. B from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA: Medical microbiology, ed 3, St Louis, 1994, Mosby; D from Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS: Bailey & Scott’s diagnostic microbiology, ed 11, St Louis, 2002, Mosby; F
from Atlas RM: Principles of microbiology, St Louis, 1995, Mosby.
Slide 45 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AIDS CA CBC, cbc CDC CSF FEMA HIV
Slide 46 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations, cont.
LLQ LUQ RBC RLQ RUQ WBC WMD
Slide 47 Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.