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Chapter 5
State Standards: 3.b; 5.a; 7.c
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Chapter 5-1: Elements
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ElementsAn element is made up of only one type of atom
(particle)
It is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
A pure substance is when all the atoms (building blocks) are identical within the substance
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4http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/periodic-table.gif
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Classifying ElementsElements are classified according to their
characteristic properties (physical & chemical)
Physical: hardness, melting point, density, thermal conductivity, color, etc.
Chemical: reactivity and flammability
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Grouping Elements3 Major Groups:
Metals: shiny, conduct heat and electrical current
Nonmetals: do not conduct heat or electric current, solid nonmetals are dull in appearance
Metalloids: have properties of both metals and nonmetals
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https://chemistry.twu.edu/tutorial/PER4.Gif7
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Chapter 5-2: Compounds
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CompoundsCompounds are made by chemically combining
two or more elements
Chemically combine to form a new substance with different properties
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Proteins are found in all living things
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Properties of CompoundsCompounds have their own unique physical and
chemical properties
Physical: melting point, density, and colorChemical: reactivity
Combine in specific ratios
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Breaking Down CompoundsSince compounds can only be formed
chemically, they can only be broken down through a chemical change
Usually requires energy in the form of
heat or electrical current
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Common CompoundsVinegar (acetic acid)
Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate)
Table Salt (sodium chloride)
Carbonated Water (carbonic acid)
Citric Acid
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NaHCO3
NaCl
CH3COOH
H2CO3
C6H8O7
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Chapter 5-3: Mixtures
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MixturesCombination of two or more substances that are
not chemically combined
Materials do not react to form a compound
Elements in a mixture keep their original properties (characteristic properties)
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Physically Separating MixturesUsing a magnet
Centrifuge – separates mixtures based on densities
Filtering
Evaporating – heating
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SolutionSolution is a homogeneous (evenly mixed)
mixture containing two or more substances
A simple solution is two substances that are going to be combined. Solute - the substance to be dissolved
Soluble – able to dissolve Insoluble – unable to dissolve
Solvent - the one doing the dissolving*substance with largest amount is solvent
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Concentration of SolutionsThe amount of a dissolved substance in a
volume of mixture/solution (g/mL)
Solubility – how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent
17Same amount of solute, different amount of solvent.
Same amount of solvent, different amount of solute.
Concentrated Diluted
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Examples of SolutionsStates Examples
Gas in gas Air (oxygen in nitrogen)
Gas in liquid Soft drinks (carbon dioxide in water)
Liquid in liquid Antifreeze (alcohol in water)
Solid in liquid Salt water (salt in water)
Solid in solid Brass (zinc in copper)
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Ex: Sugar in water vs. Sand in water.
Sugar dissolves and is spread throughout the glass of water. The sand sinks to the bottom. The sugar-water could be considered a solution. The sand-water is a mixture.
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