![Page 1: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5SensationSensation
![Page 2: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals.
sensation
![Page 3: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.
perception
![Page 4: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
Bottom-up processing
![Page 5: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes.
Top-down processing
![Page 6: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.
psychophysics
![Page 7: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
absolute threshold
![Page 8: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
This theory explains precisely how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. Detection depends partly on experience, expectation, motivation, and alertness.
signal detection theory
![Page 9: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A stimulus that is below the absolute threshold for awareness.
subliminal
![Page 10: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The activation, often unconscious, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memory, or response.
priming
![Page 11: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
We experience it as a just noticeable difference or jnd.
difference threshold
![Page 12: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Whose law states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant minimum proportion of the stimulus?
Weber’s Law
![Page 13: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The decreased sensitivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus.
sensory adaptation
![Page 14: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
In the study of sensation, the process by which receptor cells in the eye, ear, skin, and nose convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses.
transduction
![Page 15: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Refers to the distance from the peak of one light (or sound) wave to the next and gives rise to the perceptual experiences of hue (color) in vision.
wavelength
![Page 16: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names: blue, green, and so forth.
hue
![Page 17: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The _____ of light and sound is determined by the amplitude of the waves and is experienced as brightness and loudness.
intensity
![Page 18: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters.
pupil
![Page 19: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye that controls the diameter of the pupil.
iris
![Page 20: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The transparent structure of the eye behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.
lens
![Page 21: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The process by which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus near objects on the retina.
accommodation
![Page 22: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The light-sensitive, multilayered inner surface of the eye that contains the rods and cones, as well as neurons that form the beginning of the optic nerve.
retina
![Page 23: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Visual _____ refers to the sharpness of vision.
acuity
![Page 24: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurred because light rays reflecting from them converge in front of the retina.
nearsightedness
![Page 25: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A condition in which distant objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurred because light rays reflecting from them strike the retina before converging.
farsightedness
![Page 26: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Visual receptors concentrated in the periphery of the retina - have poor sensitivity, detect black and white, and function well in dim light.
rods
![Page 27: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Visual receptors concentrated in the fovea – have excellent sensitivity, enable color vision, and function best in daylight or bright light.
cones
![Page 28: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Comprised of the axons of retinal ganglion cells, it carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
optic nerve
![Page 29: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Because there are no rods or cones in this area, there is no vision here.
blind spot
![Page 30: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The retina’s point of central focus. It contains only cones; therefore, images focused on it are the clearest.
fovea
![Page 31: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Located in the visual cortex of the brain, are these nerve cells that selectively respond to specific visual features, such as movement, shape, or angle. Evidently the basis of visual information processing.
feature detectors
![Page 32: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Information processing in which several aspects of a stimulus, such as light or sound, are processed simultaneously.
parallel processing
![Page 33: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
This theory maintains that the retina contains red-, green-, and blue-sensitive color receptors that in combination can produce the perception of any color. First stage of color processing.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (3-color) theory
![Page 34: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
This theory maintains that color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black). Second stage of color processing.
opponent-process theory
![Page 35: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The perception that familiar objects have consistent color despire changes in illumination that shift the wavelengths they reflect.
color constancy
![Page 36: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Refers to the sense of hearing.
audition
![Page 37: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time (directly related to wavelength and determines pitch).
frequency
![Page 38: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends of frequency.
pitch
![Page 39: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the three bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the eardrum’s vibrations on the cochlea’s oval window.
middle ear
![Page 40: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube of the inner ear where the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs.
cochlea
![Page 41: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Contains the semicircular canals and the cochlea, which includes the receptors that transduce sound energy into neural impulses.
inner ear
![Page 42: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The theory of hearing that states that we hear different pitches because sound waves of varioius frequencies trigger activity at different places on the cochlea’s basilar membrane.
place theory
![Page 43: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The theory of hearing that presumes that the rate, or frequency, of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
frequency theory
![Page 44: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The hearing loss that results from damage in the mechanics of the outer or middle ear, which impairs the conduction of sound waves to the cochlea.
conduction hearing loss
![Page 45: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nerve deafness – hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory receptors of the cochlea or to the auditory nerve due to disease, aging, or prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise.
Sensorineural hearing loss
![Page 46: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
Cochlear implant
![Page 47: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Melzack and Wall’s theory that maintains that a “gate” in the spinal cord determines whether pain signals are permitted to reach the brain. Neural activity in small nerve fibers opens the gate; activity in large fibers or information from the brain closes the gate.
gate-control theory
![Page 48: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The principle that one sense may influence another.
sensory interaction
![Page 49: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The sense of the position and movement of the parts of the body.
kinesthesis
![Page 50: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012319/56649d745503460f94a53607/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The sense of body movement, position, and balance.
vestibular sense