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CHAPTER 3 SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND
PLASTICS
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INTRODUCTION
•THE CLOTHES WHICH WE WEAR ARE MADE OF FABRICS.
•FABRICS ARE MADE FROM FIBRES.
•THE FIBRES ARE OBTAINED FROM NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL SOURCE.
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NATURAL FIBRES
•THE FIBRES THAT ARE OBTAINED
FROM PLANTS OR ANIMALS ARE
CALLED NATURAL FIBRES.
•EXAMPLES : - COTTON , WOOL ,
SILK , JUTE , etc.
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SYNTHETIC FIBRES
• THE FIBRES MADE BY HUMAN BEINGS ARE
CALLED SYNTHETIC FIBRES OR MAN MADE
FIBRES OR ARTIFICIAL FIBRES.
• SYNTHETIC FIBRES ARE MADE FROM
DIFFERENT CHEMICALS , HENCE EACH KIND
OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES HAVE THEIR OWN
PROPERTIES.
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WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC FIBRES
• A SYNTHETIC FIBRE IS A CHAIN OF SMALL
CHEMICAL UNITS JOINED TOGETHER .
• EACH SMALL UNIT IS CALLED A
MONOMER.
• A LARGE CHAIN FORMED BY MANY
MONOMERS IS CALLED A POLYMER.
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•THE WORD “POLYMER”
COMES FROM TWO GREEK
WORDS ;
POLY MEANING MANY
MER MEANING PART / UNIT.
SO A POLYMER IS MADE OF
MANY REPEATING UNITS
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• THE STRUCTURE OF
POLYMER CAN BE
COMPARED TO THAT
OF A BEAD NECKLACE
– THE BEAD BEING
MONOMERS .
• THE PROCESS OF
COMBINING THE
MONOMERS TO FORM A
POLYMER IS CALLED
POLYMERISATION.
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TYPES OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES
•RAYON
•NYLON
•POLYESTER
•ACRYLIC
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RAYON
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RAYON
•RAYON IS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WOOD PULP.
• IT IS ALSO CALLED ARTIFICIAL SILK.
•ALTHOUGH RAYON IS OBTAINED FROM A NATURAL SOURCE (WOOD PULP) , YET IT IS A MAN MADE FIBRE.
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PROPERTIES OF RAYON
EASILY DYED AND
WOVEN INTO
CLOTH
CHEAPER THAN SILK
LUSTROUS IN APPEARANCE
GOOD ABSORBENT OF SWEAT
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USES OF RAYON
•RAYON IS MIXED WITH
COTTON TO MAKE BEDSHEETS
•RAYON IS MIXED WITH WOOL
TO MAKE CARPETS.
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NYLON
• IN 1931 , IT WAS MADE WITHOUT
USING ANY NATURAL RAW MATERIAL
( FROM PLANTS OR ANIMALS )
• IT WAS PREPARED FROM COAL , WATER
AND AIR.
• IT WAS THE FIRST FULLY SYNTHETIC
FIBRE
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PROPERTIES OF NYLON
STRONG
ELASTIC
LIGHT LUSTROUS
EASY TO WASH
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USES OF
NYLON
PARACHUTE
SLEEPING BAGS
CAR SEATBELTS
TOOTHBRUSH
TENTS ROPES
SOCKS
ROPES FOR
ROCK CLIMBING
CURTAINS
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POLYESTER
• POLYESTER (POLY + ESTER ) IS MADE UP
OF THE REPEATING UNITS OF A
CHEMICAL CALLED AN ESTER
• ESTERS ARE CHEMICALS WHICH GIVE
FRUITS THEIR SMELL
• FABRIC MADE FROM POLYESTER
DOESNOT GET WRINKLED EASILY
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PROPERTIES
DOES NOT GET
WRINKLES
REMAINS CRISP
EASY TO WASH
DRIES QUICKLY
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USES
• TERYLENE IS POPULAR POLYESTER WHICH
CAN BE DRAWN INTO VERY FINE FIBRES .
• PET IS A FORM OF POLYESTER WHICH IS
USED FOR MAKING BOTTLES ,UTENSIL ,
FILMS , WIRES AND MANY OTHER USEFUL
PRODUCTS
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ACRYLIC
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ACRYLIC
•ACRYLIC IS A SYNTHETIC FIBRE.
•DUE TO ITS WOOL-LIKE
FEEL,ACRYLIC FIBRE IS OFTEN
USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR
WOOL.
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PROPERTIES
RESISTANT TO MOTHS
SOFT WITH CRIMPS
RESEMBLING WOOL
IS DURABLE LIGHT AND WASHABLE
STRONG AND STAIN RESISTANT
WARM AND LIGHT
WEIGHT
CAN BE DYED IN
DIFFERENT COLOURS
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USES
ACRYLIC KNITTING WOOL IS GOOD FOR BABY AS IT IS SOFT , WARM AND
WASHABLE
USED FOR MAKING ARCYLIC FUR , BLANKETS
CARPETS
TRANSPARENT TYPE OF ACRYLIC IS USED TO COVER CAR HEADLIGHT ,
LENSES , SURGICAL
EQUIPMENTS
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES
SYNTHETIC FIBRES ARE-
• STRONG
• DURABLE
• WRINKLE RESISTANT
• LIGHTWEIGHT
• EXTREMELY FINE
• NOT ATTACKED BY MOTHS
• LESS EXPENSIVE
• READILY AVAILABLE
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DISADVANTAGES
1. DON'T ABSORB MOISTURE
SYNTHETIC FIBRES DONOT ABSORB
SWEAT , TRAPPING HEAT IN OUR BODY
2. DANGEROUS NEAR FIRE AS THEY
CATCH FIRE EASILY
3. THEY CANNOT BE EASILY IRONED AS
THEY MELT EASILY.