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CONTENTS
Introduction
Construction Work
Mechanical Work Electrical Work
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Introduction
Definition
Physical InjuryImpairment of physical
condition or substantial pain. [New York Panel Law]
Other definition:
Damage to a person's body in a physical sense such as a graze,
bruise, sprain, strain, broken bone, etc. [Queensland Health]
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Physical Injury
Can include:
a. Wounds, lacerations, contusions
b. Burns
c. Sprains and strains
d. Fractures, amputations or dislocationse. Damage to dentures or prostheses
f. Work-related gradual process injuries, such as tendonitis, anddeafness caused by noise at work
g. Infections or diseases caused at work by performing a particulartask or being exposed to a particular environment (this excludes
any conditions you may have had since birth)h. Blindness
i. Poisoning
j. Choking
k. Loss of consciousness
l. A foreign body in the eye.
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Example
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CONSTRUCTION WORK
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Introduction
Construction phases
1. Pre-Tender
Preparation of tender document (design, drawing,
specification, etc.)
2. Contract Management
Execution of work during sub-structure, super-structureand finishing; mechanical and electrical installation.
3. Completion
Testing and commissioning, liability defect period,hand over.
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Typical Hazards
Falling from height- Defective or unsecured ladders.
- Unsuitable location of ladders.
- Sub-standard scaffoldno design.
- Poorly maintained scaffold.
- Unprotected holes or floor edges.- Unprotected working platforms.
- Brittle roof covers.
Falling on Same Level
- Uneven surfaces.
- Poor storage of materials.
- Poor storage of tool and equipment
- Spillages not clean.
- Poor layout of electrical cables
- Poor housekeeping.
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Hit/Crushed by Falling Object
- Poor storage of materials
- Poor storage of tools and equipment- Working platform not provided with toe-board
- Use of unsuitable lifting equipment
- Use of defective lifting tackles
- Lifting machines in poor working conditions
- Poor communication during lifting operations- Lifting areas not barricaded
- Fall protection not provided
- Poor housekeeping
Buried under Falling Structures- Faulty structural design
- Lacked of supervision during erection
- Overloading
- Lacked of maintenance
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Buried under Landslides
- Lacked of inadequate sides protection
- Under designed sides protection- Damaged sides protection
- No safe means of access and egress
- Vibration from vehicles or mobile plant
- Rapid changes of weather
Electrocution/Electric Shock
- No competent electrician
- Poor installation
- Improper/defective connection
- Overloaded- Defective electrical tools and equipment
- Illegal modification of tools or equipment
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Exposure to Toxic Chemicals/Substances
- Failure to conduct air monitoring
- Defective monitoring equipment- Monitoring equipment not accuratelacked of calibration
- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person
- Failure to provide ventilation
- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective
equipment- No respiratory protective equipment
Drowning
- Failure to de-water water ponding area
- Failure of water pump- No water pump
- Failure to provide life-saving equipment
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Suffocation
- Failure to conduct air monitoring
- Defective monitoring equipment- Monitoring equipment not accurate
- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person
- Failure to provide ventilation
- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective
equipment- No respiratory protective equipment
Contact with machinery
- No/missing machinery guarding
- Guard ineffective/damaged- Unsuitable types of guard
- Guard provided at wrong/unsuitable position
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Hit by Vehicles
- No separate pedestrian route
- No warning and directional signs- Over speeding
- Speed limit not enforced
- Lacked of maintenance
- Incompetent driver
Fire
- Poor housekeeping
- Defective electrical circuits
- Overloaded electrical circuits
- Improper storage of combustible and flammable materials- Fire extinguishing material not provided
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General Precautionary Measures
Pre-Tender Stage- Designer to consider safety and health requirements during
contract management stage and for end users
- Contract managers to incorporate safety and health requirementin contract specifications, conditions of contract and other relevantdocument.
Tender Stage
- Besides financial and technical capabilities, potential contractorsshould be evaluated and short listed based on their ability andexperience in managing safety and health.
- Only contractors fulfilling evaluation criteria should be appointed.
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Contract Management Stage
1. Pre-construction- Conduct preliminary appraisal or HIRARC exercise, to identify
issues related to safety and health.
- Plan site layout and works according to outcome of preliminaryappraisals.
- Formulate project safety plan, which shall include safety andhealth policy, organization (personnel and resources) andarrangements (SOP and PTW).
- Register the site with relevant authorities.
- Where appropriate, appoint safety personnel.
- Identify and select competent persons for high risk activities
such as lifting operations, use scaffold, etc.
- Identify requirement for designs by competent persons orcertified engineers.
- Conduct site safety induction for all personnel
- Provide necessary PPE
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Contract Management Stage
2. Construction- Implement project safety plan, review and revised the plan as
when and where appropriate.
- Establish means for effective communication
- Provide necessary supervision
- Provide continuous training- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and
operated by competent person
- Conduct job safety analysis and formulate method of statementfor high risk activities
- Implement PTW for high risk activities
- Investigates all incidents, identify root causes and implementcorrective and preventive measures.
- Report incidents to relevant authorities as required underrelevant laws
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Completion of Work
1. Testing and Commissioning- Notify relevant authorities, where applicable
- Implement PTW
- Inspect any installation for any defects or flaws
- Working pressure applied as in approved design
- Stop operation in the event of any abnormalities
2. Liability Defects Period
- Implement PTW
- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and
operated by competent person- Arrangement for safety and health of publics
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MECHANICAL WORK
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Introduction
Definition
DangerRelative exposure to hazard
Mechanical
of or relating to machinery or tools
produced or operated by a machine or tool
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Mechanical Hazard
Entanglement
TrapsShearing, drawing in, crushing
Impact
ContactCutting, friction, abrasion,
stabbing, puncture
Ejection
ENTICE
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Involves being caught in a machine.
Example: Clothing, hair, jewelry, getting
wrapped around machine
Entanglement
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Shearing part of human body may besheared between machine parts or
machine parts with workpiece.
Traps
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Drawing-in body being pulled and
trapped by rotating and tangentiallymoving parts
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Crushing occurs when the body is
caught: Between a fixed and moving part of machine
Between two moving part of machine
Between a moving part of machine and fixedstructure
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Relate to object which strike the humanbody, but do not penetrate it.
Impact
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Such as burns, laceration, abrasion,puncture wound, cuts
Contact
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Failure of a machine, or seizing ofcomponent parts of a machine, can result
in the expulsion of parts of the machine or
material with the potential to cause seriousinjury.
Ejection
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Safety guarding is use to prevent body
part from contact with the dangerous part
of machine.
Types of safety guarding1. Fixed
2. Interlock
3. Adjustable4. Self adjusting
Safety Guarding
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Permanent part of machine
Fixed
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When opened/removed, the trippingmechanism and power automatically shut
off.
Interlock
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Allow flexibility in accommodating varioussize of stock.
Opening are determine by movement of
stock.
Adjustable
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Self Adjusting
Opening of the barriers are determined bythe movement of stock.
This guard protect the operator by placing
a barrier between the danger area and theoperator.
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Risk assessment in this context is the processof quantifying the level of risk associated withthe operation of a given machine. It should be a
structure systematic process that answers thefollowing four specific questions:
1. How severe are potential injuries
2. How frequently are employees exposed to the
potential hazards3. What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it
does occur
4. What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety
control system fail
Risk Assessment In Machine
Operation
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ELECTRICAL WORK
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Definition
Electric relating to, producing, or operated byelectricity
Electricity Electricity is a type of energy which existswhen there is a difference in the number of electronspresent at two different points, whether the result ofstatic, generation, or magnetic field.
The path of this flow of electrons is from a negativesource to a positive point, because opposite chargesattract one another.
Introduction
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Electrical current
passing through thehuman body causes a
shock. The quantity
and path of this
current determinesthe level of damage to
the body.
People can be protected from this danger by insulating
the conductors, insulating the people, or isolating the
danger from the people.
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Short circuits are one of many potentialelectrical hazards that can cause
electrical shock.
Other sources are:1. Telephones that plug into a wall socket are also
sources of hazardous voltage (the open circuit
voltage is 48 volts DC, and the ringing signal is
150 volts AC)
2. Extension cords
3. Any power tool showing evidence of electrical
problems
Sources of Electrical Hazard
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4. Downed power lines are an obvious source of
electric shock hazard
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Combustible and explosive materials
A poor match between current or polarity andcapacitors can cause an explosion. Overheating
from high currents can also lead to short circuits
which in turn may generate fires or explosions.
Lightning hazards
Electrical equipment and building structures arecommonly subject to lightning hazards.
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Improper wiring
Improper wiring permitsequipment can result in
hazardous conditions.
Insulation failure
Most insulation failure iscaused by environments
toxic to insulation.
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Equipment failure
There are several ways in which equipmentfailure can cause electrical shock. For example
wet insulation can cause an electrical shock.
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The greatest danger to humans sufferingelectrical shock results from current flow.
Electrical Hazard To Human
The higher the body's resistance, the less likely harmful
current will result from any given amount of voltage.
Conversely, the lower the body's resistance, the more
likely for injury to occur from the application of a voltage.
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Table 1Amount of current that effect to the human body
Source: allaboutcircuit.com
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Several items of test equipment can beused to verify electrical equipment safetysuch as multimeter.
A circuit tester is an inexpensive piece oftest equipment with two wire leads cappedby probes and connected to a small bulb.
Most circuit tester test at least a 110- to220 volt range.
Detection of Electrical Hazard
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Installation
Done by competent person
Circuit protection
Such as fuse and circuit breaker to avoid
overload
Isolation switch (Insulator)
Must be labeled and put in suitable location.
Reducing Electrical Hazard
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Connection
Use proper socket and plug
Earthing and protection
Electrical installation equipment must be earthedand provided with earth leakage protection
device
Maintenance and repairAll the electrical appliances