Download - Chapter 3: Nile Civilizations
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Chapter 3: Nile Civilizations
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Section 2 - Egyptian Culture
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Section 2 - Egyptian Culture
Main Idea
The ancient Egyptians are famous for their religion, their burial practices, and their advances in art, writing and
science.
Reading Focus
• What were the main principles of Egyptian religion?
• Why did Egyptians practice mummification and burial?
• What was daily life like in ancient Egypt?
• What advances did Egyptians make in art, writing and science?
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Section 2 - Egyptian Culture
Imhotep lived during the Third Dynasty and became the vizier of
King Zoser (Djoser) and high priest of the sun god Re. Imhotep was a
scribe, chief lector, priest, architect, astronomer and magician (medicine and magic were used together.) For 3000 years he was worshipped as a god in Greece and Rome. One of his best-known sayings is: "Eat, drink,
and be merry, for tomorrow we shall die.”
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I. Egyptian Religion
Egyptians worshipped hundreds of gods; believed gods controlled all natural events
The council of Ra with the nine members: Osiris, Nut, Geb, Shu, Atum, Tefnut, Nephyhys, Isis and Set.
Sometimes Horus and Thoth were added.
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A. Chief gods and goddessesSun god: Re in Old Kingdom, later linked to sky god, Amon, and became Amon-Re
In one of his many forms, Ra has the head of a falcon and the sun-disk of Wadjet resting
on his head.
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A. Chief gods and goddesses
Anubis: Protector of the dead
This scene portrays the weighing of the royal scribe’s heart against a feather representing truth
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Osiris - king of the underworld, god of the dead
A. Chief gods and goddesses
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Isis - wife and sister of Osiris, mother of Horus
A. Chief gods and goddesses
Egyptian goddess Isis, tomb painting, ca. 1360 BC
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Horus - god of the sky, protector of the pharaohs
A. Chief gods and goddesses
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Seth – god of chaos, storms, the desert; brother of Osiris and Isis
A. Chief gods and goddesses
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B. Temples and Religious Practices
Temples built to honor and provide homes for gods
Hall of Columns at Karnak
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B. Temples and Religious Practices
Obelisks - made from a single piece of stone, carved with designs
Unfinished obelisk at Aswan
Obelisk of Ramses II, Luxor Temple
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B. Temples and Religious Practices
Priests performed rituals to keep the gods alive
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B. Temples and Religious Practices
Commoners only worshiped gods at annual festivals
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II. Mummification and Burial
Belief in afterlife led to rituals for death and burial
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II. Mummification and BurialWhen physical body died, it released ka; ka vanished if body decomposed
Ka is the life force or spiritual double of the person. Ba is represented as a human-headed bird that leaves the body when a person dies. The
face of Ba was the exact likeness of that of the deceased person.
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II. Mummification and Burial
Mummification - process to prevent breakdown of body; only for royalty at first
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II. Mummification and Burial
Internal organs (except heart) removed; body wrapped with linen strips
The liver, the lungs, the stomach, and the intestines were each placed
in a separate Canopic Jars
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II. Mummification and Burial
Dead buried with possessions needed for afterlife
Tut’s Tomb
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II. Mummification and Burial
Tombs painted with scenes from person’s life; Book of the Dead guided ka on journey to afterlife
Book of the Dead from ThebesLate 18th Dynasty, 1350-1300 BC
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III. Daily Life
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A. Social Structure Highly stratified society – pharaoh, religious and military leaders at top
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A. Social Structure Artisans and merchants next; 90% were peasant farmers or laborers
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B. Home and Family LifeLifestyle varied between classes; pharaohs had several wives, often married sisters
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B. Home and Family LifeWomen equal to husbands; children learned from parents
Granite sphinx of Hatshepsut, 15th Century BC
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B. Home and Family LifeEgyptians concerned with appearance; free time occupied with sports and games
The large collection of grooming items – combs, shaving tools and different kinds of oils that were used as make-up – found in Egyptian tombs and coffins bears testament to their interest in beauty. Wigs were also very popular and could be found in a variety of colors such as blue, green, yellow and gold. Moreover, in spite of their dark skin, many Egyptian women liked to use gold and yellow wigs to beautify themselves.
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IV. Art, Writing, and Science
King Tutankhamen and Queen Ankhesenamun (fromTut’s throne)
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A. Egyptian ArtPaintings were distinctive, detailed and colorful; variety of subjects
Murals in the Tomb of Sennedjem
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A. Egyptian ArtStatues large and imposing - most depicted gods or pharaohs
Monuments of Pharaoh Amenhotep III guard the entrance of a long-vanished temple
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B. Egyptian WritingHieroglyphics - main writing system; picture symbols represented objects
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B. Egyptian WritingTwo other systems: hieratic for religious texts; demotic for legal and literary writings
Demotic script (meaning 'writing for documents') developed by the year 660 BC and was used until about 425 AD
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B. Egyptian Writing
Used the papyrus plant to make paper-like sheets
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Egypt is important for papyrus in two respects. First, papyrus plants grew almost exclusively in the region of the Nile delta. Secondly, the dry climate of Egypt made it possible for papyri to endure, in many cases, for over 2 millennia. Paper is made from the papyrus plant by separating it with a needle point into very thin strips as broad as possible. The choice quality comes from the center, and thence in the order of slicing. The first use of papyrus paper is believed to have been 4000 BC.
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B. Egyptian Writing1799 - Discovery of Rosetta Stone unlocked Egyptian writing: writing was the same text in hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek
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C. Math and Science
Had thorough understanding of arithmetic, geometry, and engineering principles
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C. Math and ScienceGreat scientific advances in medicine; became masters of human anatomy