Download - Chapter 26
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Today’s Issues:
South Asia
South Asia faces the challenges of rapid population growth, destructive weather, and territorial disputes caused by religious and ethnic differences.
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SECTION 1 Population Explosion
SECTION 2 Living with Extreme Weather
Today’s Issues:
South Asia
Case Study Territorial Dispute
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Section 1
Population Explosion • Explosive population growth in South Asia
has contributed to social and economic ills in the region.
• Education is key to controlling population growth and improving the quality of life in South Asia.
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Growing Pains
Rapid growth • In 2000, India’s population reached 1 billion • Rapid growth means many citizens lack life’s basic
necessities- food, clothing, shelter
• South Asia must manage population growth so economies can develop
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Continued . . .
Population Explosion
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Population Grows • India’s population was 300 million in 1947; has
since tripled • So large that even 2% growth rate produces
population explosion • Unless rate slows, India will have 1.5 billion by 2045
- would be the world’s most populous country(passing China)
• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh among top 10 most populous countries- region has 22% of world’s population, lives on 3%
of world’s land
continued Growing Pains
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1
Inadequate Resources • Region has widespread poverty, illiteracy—inability
to read or write- poor sanitation, health education lead to disease
outbreaks • Every year, to keep pace, India would have to:
- build 127,000 new schools and 2.5 million newhomes
- create 4 million new jobs- produce 6 million more tons of food
continued Growing Pains
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Managing Population Growth
Smaller Families • India spends nearly $1 billion a year encouraging
smaller families • Programs have only limited success
- Indian women marry before age 18, start havingbabies early
- to poor, children are source of money (begging,working fields)
- children can later take care of elderly parents- have more kids to beat high infant mortality
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SECTION
1
Education is a Key • Growth factors can be changed with education, but
funds are limited- India spends under $6 per pupil a year on
education- U.S. spends $6,320 per pupil a year
• Education could break cycle of poverty, raise living standards- improves females’ status with job opportunities- better health care education could lower infant
mortality rates
continued Managing Population Growth
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Section 2
Living with Extreme Weather • South Asia experiences a yearly cycle of
floods, often followed by drought.
• The extreme weather in South Asia leads to serious physical, economic, and political consequences.
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The Monsoon Seasons
Summer and Winter Wind Systems • Annual cycle of extreme weather makes life difficult • Monsoon is wind system, not a rainstorm; two
monsoon seasons • Summer monsoon—blows moist from southwest,
across Indian Ocean- blows June through September, causes
rainstorms, flooding • Winter monsoon—blows cool from northeast,
across Himalayas, to sea- blows October through February, can cause
drought
Living with Extreme Weather SECTION
2
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Impact of the Monsoons
Physical Impact • Summer monsoons nourish rain forests, irrigate
crops- floodwaters bring rich sediment to soil, but can
also damage crops • Cyclones are common with summer monsoons
- called hurricanes in North America- cause flooding, widespread destruction - 1970 Bangladesh cyclone killed 300,000
• Winter monsoon droughts turn lush lands into arid wastelands
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SECTION
2
Economic Impact • Floods, droughts make agriculture difficult
- countries buy what they can’t grow; famine looms •Weather catastrophes also destroy homes, families
- people often too poor to rebuild, governmentslack funds to help
• People build: houses on stilts, concrete cyclone shelters, dams
• Region gets international aid and billions of dollars in loans- aid can’t keep up with disasters, debts result
continued Impact of the Monsoons
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SECTION
2
Political Tensions • Weather conditions also cause political disputes •India builds Farakka dam across Ganges before it
enters Bangladesh- India wants to bring water to city of Kolkata- dam leaves little water for Bangladesh- many of Bangladesh’s farmers lose land, illegally
flee to India- dispute is settled in 1997 with a treaty specifying
water rights
continued Impact of the Monsoons
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Case Study Territorial Dispute
BACKGROUND• Kashmir territory is strategically located at foot
of Himalayas • Territory of 12 million people surrounded by
Pakistan, China, India • India and Pakistan have fought three wars over
Kashmir since 1947 • Dispute threatens region’s stability, countries’
economic well-being • Danger increases now that both countries have
nuclear weapons
How Can India and Pakistan Resolve Their Dispute Over Kashmir?
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Case Study
Partitioning • British left India in 1947 and partitioned—divided—
the subcontinent - created two independent countries- India is predominantly Hindu, Pakistan is mostly
Muslim • Britain lets each Indian state choose which country
to join- Muslim states join Pakistan, Hindu states remain in India
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A Controversy Over Territory
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Case Study
Politics and Religion • Kashmir’s problem: population is Muslim, but its
leader was Hindu • Maharajah of Kashmir wants an independent
nation- but is forced to cede territory to India in 1947
• Pakistan invades; a year later India still controls much of Kashmir
• India, Pakistan fight two more wars over Kashmir in 1965, 1971- dispute remains unresolved; each country still
controls part - China has had a small portion since 1962
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continued A Controversy Over Territory
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Case Study
A Question of Economics • Indus River flows through Kashmir
- many of its tributaries originate in the territory • Indus is critical source of drinking, irrigation water
in Pakistan- Pakistan doesn’t want India to control that resource
• Kashmir is a strategic prize neither side will give up
continued A Controversy Over Territory
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Case Study
Dangerous Testing • India and Pakistan each test nuclear weapons in
1998- raise fears that the 50-year-old dispute could go
nuclear- after tests, both countries vow to seek political
solution • Border clashes continue
- Pakistan supports Kashmir Muslims fighting Indian rule
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A Nuclear Nightmare
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Case Study
A Question of Priorities • Both India and Pakistan have large populations,
widespread poverty- both overspend on troops, arms, nuclear
programs- that money could be used for education and
social programs • Resolving Kashmir problem would bring peace
- the quality of people’s lives could start improving
- resolution could reduce the region’s politicaltensions
continued A Nuclear Nightmare
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