Download - Chapter 25 The Limits of Reason. A New Barbarism The Industrial Revolution The transatlantic trade
Chapter 25
The Limits of Reason
A New Barbarism
The Industrial Revolution The transatlantic trade
Satire Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Gulliver’s Travels A Modest Proposal
In view of the poverty of Irish farmers, Swift proposed that most of the children there should “at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom” as food to be consumed at the dinner table.
SatireVoltaire (1694-1778)Candide
Voltaire The personification of the Enlightenment Great admirer and popularizer of all things E
nglish (Newton, Bacon, Locke) Écrasez l’infâme: crush infamy (all forms of r
epression, fanaticism, and bigotry) Contacts with Frederick of Prussia and Cath
erine the Great
SatireWilliam Hogarth (1697-1746)
The Marriage Transaction Gin Lane
William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: The Orgy, 1733-34
http://www.artdaily.com/Fotos/galerias/274/Hogarth%20A.jpg
William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Marriage, 1735
http://lewis.up.edu/EFL/asarnow/351/rakeprog/Image21.jpg
William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Debtor’s Prison, 1735
William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: the Rake at Bedlam, 1735
http://eeweems.com/val_lewton/_imagery/_bedlam/rakes_progress_500.jpg
William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the marriage settlement, 1743
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG113&collectionPublisherSection=work
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG117&collectionPublisherSection=work
William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: The Bagnio, 1743
William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the lady’s death, 1743
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG118&collectionPublisherSection=work
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Politics: The Social Contract (1762)
Education: Emile (1762)
Influence: Montessori (1870-1952)
Slogan in French Revolution:
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm
Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 The mind is not a passive recipient of inform
ation (Locke’s “blank slate”) but, rather, a participant in the knowledge process.
Focused on the question of cognition:
Reality = the mind + its perception / understanding
(Fiero 643)
Immanuel KantThe “Categorical Imperative”: "Act only
according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
What we must do in any situation of moral choice is act according to a maxim that we would will everyone to act according to.
(Fiero 643) & http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm
The French Revolution
Causes
1. Financial Disorder
Unjust tax systemBankruptcy of the Government:
war expenses extravagant life styles
2. Class ConflictThree Estates (the Old Regime)
First: clergy (1%) (owned 10% of the land) largest landowner, tax exemption
Second: nobility (2%) (owned 25 % of the land) best positions in government and army, tax exemptionThird: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues
3. The Enlightenment
VoltaireLockeMontesquieuRousseau
4. American Revolution
1776
The Declaration of
Independence
Two Stages:
The Moderate Stage:
1789-1791
The Radical Stage:
1792-1794
The Moderate Stage:
1789-1791
The Moderate Stage 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates
General. 1789 Third Estate declared itself the
National Assembly. 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court
Beginning of the French Revolution
ReformsAll forms of privilege were abolished.The Catholic Church of France became
a national institution.Guilds and trade unions were
abolished.Decentralization: France was divided
into 83 equal departments.
The Radical Stage The Second French Revolution,
1792-1794
The Guillotine
Legacy“The Revolution eroded the strength of
those traditional institutions—church, guild, parish—that had for centuries given people a common bond. In their place now stood patriotic organizations and a culture that insisted on loyalty to one national cause” (Norton 706).
After the Revolution
1795-1799: The Directory1799-1815: Napoleon
The Directory
A board of 5 menIneffective reaction
Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1804: Consolidating Authority
1799 First Consul1801 Concordat with the pope1802 Consul for life1804 Crowned himself emperor
Napoleon Bonaparte1806-1815: Napoleon’s downfall
1806 The Continental System1808 Invaded Spain1812 Invaded Russia1814 Abdication1815 Exile
System of Administration
CentralizationCareers open to talentEquality before the lawAbolition of ancient customs and
privileges
Impact of French Revolution
Liberty: more freedomEquality: no legal
distinctions of rankNation: a nation of citizens,
a nation ruled by law
The End