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CHAPTER TWO. PRESENTATION OF RUBAVU SECTOR
2.1. Geographical principal characteristics
2.1.1. General aspects
Rubavu Sector is one of the twelve Sectors comprising Rubavu District. It is composed of 7 Cells namely: Byahi, Buhaza, Gikombe, Rukoko, Murara, Murambi, Burinda and 35 Villages.
The Sector’s general characteristics can be grouped as shown in the table 1 below.
Table 1: Rubavu Sector general characteristicsBoundaries Nort CYANZARWE Sector
East RUGERERO SectorSouth GISENYI SectorWest DRCongo
Number of Cells 7
Number of Villages 35
Total Population 22389 InhabitantsSource: Rubavu Sector Annual Report 2011
2.1.2. Relief
Rubavu Sector is situated in the central plateau. Topographically, it is generally hilly in the
central, eastern and southern part. There are hills with an average altitude of 1700 meters
which descend up to 1450 meters, these are Buzuta Rwangara, Gitaruwenze, Gikombe,
Nyabutwa, Kanyabikona, a part of Rubavu mountain and Cyanzarwe mountain.
2.1.3. Climate and rainfal
Rubavu Sector is characterised by sub-equatorial temperate climate with an average
temperature fractuating around 20oC. Like in the rest of the country it has an annual
rainfall of 1160 mm. It has 4 climatic seasons: long period of rainfall (mid- February –
May) ; long dry period (June-mid September) ; short rainy period (mid-September-
December) and a short dry season (January-mid February). The rainy season is characterised
by an average heavy rainfall of about 1400 mm par year.
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2.1.4. Soils
The soils’ depth depends on the situation on the hill. The best soils are found in swamps.
They are sandy and have enough humus, if they are not formed from erosion of hills.
Soils on the dorsal granite are the not fertile as they are poor in humous content. Central
platea soils are better; they are the koalisol type, fertile when the erosion has not
impacted it and their humus layer has been conserved.
2.1.5. Fauna and flora
Natural vegetation has disappeared due to agricultural pressure and has been replaced by
man- made vegetation dominated by food plants.
The largest part of the land is under food cultivation such as bananas, beans, sorghum, irish
potatoes and cassava in that order of importance.
Generally, Rubavu Sector lacks forest cover and a few forests which already exist require
harvesting and reforestation. However, there are certain patches of reforested land
dominated in large part by encalyptus and grevillia.
2.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION
The socio-economic situation can be presented under two aspects: human development
sector and economic development sector.
2.2.1. Human development sector
2.2.1.1. Demographic data
Sector Total Population Distribution Par Cell
The Total population of Rubavu Sector is 22389 inhabitants who are distributed in
various Cells as shows in the table below.
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Table 2 : Population distribution par Cell
CELL TOTAL POPULATION
1. GIKOMBE 56222. BYAHI 12333. BURINDA 38404. BUHAZA 13715. RUKOKO 56946. MURARA 22297. MURAMBI 2400TOTAL 22389
Source: Rubavu Sector Annual Report 2011
This table shows that in Rubavu Sector population distribution par Cell, Gikombe Cell
is the most densely populated with 25.1% of the total population and Byahi is the least
populated with 5.5% of the total population.
2.2.1.2. Education
There are 3 levels of education in Rubavu Sector: nursary, primary and secondary. Nursary
and primary schools are attended by children whose parents live within the Sector
and its surroundings. Secondary receive children literally from all Provinces of the
country.
- Nursary, primary, secondary, professional and adult
education
Table 3: Number of schools in the Sector (Nursary, primary, secondary, professional
and literacy centres
Type of Education Number
Nursery Schools 3
Primary schools 6
Secondary Schools 1
Professional training Centres 2
Literacy centers 2
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It must be noted that illiterate population represents a significant proportion of people
aged 15 years and above who cannot read, write or count. The illiteracy rate is
estimated to be more or less 42.3% of the total population of the Sector.
2.2.1.3. Sports, Youth and Culture
The majority of the youth in Rubavu Sector are unemployed. They have no easy access to
education, financial means to carry out gainful self employment and do not engage in
any income generating activities as they lack any form of professional training.
Regarding sports, the Rubavu Sector youth have 4 Football teams and 1 volleyball team. All
the teams comprise both men and women players. However, there are insufficient sports
grounds and equipment.
In the domain of culture, there are cultural troupes in schools and Cells which engage in
dense, theatre and poetry as the principle activities.
Local cultural clubs organise sensitisation meetings for the youth to promote cultural
development, fight against HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In such
meetings educational films related to each domain are shown.
2.2.2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
2.2.2.1. Agricultural production
Like in other parts of the country more than 90% of the population of Rubavu Sector rely
on agriculture. Agricutural production is characterized by a diversity of food crops
including irish potatoes, sorghum, beans, soyabeans, cassava and bananas. These different
crops are often intercropped on the same piece of land. There are also vegetables such
as: tomatoes, cabbages, and eggplants ets. Fruits grown in the area include plum fruits,
avocados and pawpaws.
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2.2.2.2. Livestock farming
Like elsewhere in the country, livestock was decimated during the genocide of April
1994. Despite the effort by certain intervening parties to restock, the population always
point out insufficient livestock as squarely linked to diminishing agricultural production.
Veterinary clinics lack sufficient equipment and means of transport hence the technical
staffs available are unable to cover the entire Sector.
2.2.2.3. Commerce
Commercial activities are currently going through a recession as a result of a decrease in
purchasing power of the population. Production in general and agriculture in particular has
declined in the last several yeas in succession due to over exploitation of the land without
compensatory fertilisers.
2.2.2.4. Associations and Cooperatives Movement
Rubavu Sector has many associations grouped according to activities they are engaged in.
We can mention association of farmers, moto taxi drivers, welders, carpenters, tailors,
masons, shoe repairers, etc.
Agricultural and Livestock farmers associations help their members to access loan
facilities and agricultural inputs. These must be repaid after the harvest. There are also
rotational loans to buy small animals given by the Umurenge SACCO of Rubavu Sector.
Major problems faced by those associations include lack of sufficient training in
management and lack of collateral to enable them access loans in Popular Banks and
other existing financial institutions in the District.
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Table 3. The groupment of population in cooperatives
CELLS NUMBER 0F
COOPERATIVES
NUMBER OF
ASSOCIATIONS
NUMBER OF
MEMBERS
YOUTH
COOPERATIVES
MA
LE FEMELLE
BYAHI 4 8 54 12 1
BUHAZA - 4 9 4 -
BURINDA 1 4 58 34 2
GIKOMBE 1 1 12 17 -
MURARA 6 3 153 175 -
MURAMBI - 3 70 46 -
RUKOKO 3 - 23 16 -
TOTAL 15 33 379 314 4
Sources: Rapport IMIHIGO 2009
2.2.2.6. Financial Institutions
Actually there is no Bank Branch in Rubavu Sector but there is two microfinance
institutions which are CLECAM and Umurenge SACCO of Rubavu Sector.
2.2.2.7. Transport and Communication
A. ROADS AND BRIDGES
There are 3 distinct categories of roads in Rubavu Sector:
1. Roads of international importance;
2. Inter-Sector roads;
3. Inter-Cell roads;
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B. COMMUNICATION
The proportion of the Sector population which uses telephone is still very small even
though some remarkable progress in this domain has been made. The number of people
using mobile telephones (MTN and TIGO) is generally on the increase.
2.2.2.8. Energy
It is hoped by the year 2020, Rwanda shall be able to produce sufficient energy to satisfy
all social and economic activities without damaging the environment, by combining hydro
and methane gas potential. It is hoped 35% of the population shall be able to access
electricity instead of the current 6%.
Firewood is the principal source of energy in 92% of homes in Rubavu Sector as most
homesteads use it for domestic cooking. Hullicane lamps are the principal source of
lighting for about 74% of the population. Use of electricity in homes is very limited
especially in Byahi and Murara cells.
2.2.2.9. Water and Sanitation
Clean drinking water enormously contributes to good health of homes and according
to studies carried out, Rubavu Sector population generally cover a long distance to
access drinking water. This distance ranges from 645 m and is well below the
national average of 703 m. The principal sources of water used most in the
Sector are free public fountains used by about 53,7% of the population. A high
percentage of the population 7% use poor quality water and only 19,3% have access
to clean drinking water.
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2.2.2.10. Forests and the Environment
Most of forests in the Sector were dessaminated during the war and period of insecurity in
the region. Forests which remain cover 58 hectares and require maintainence. In general,
the Sector lacks sufficient tree nursaries for reforestion and agroforestry.
However, there are some tree nursaries for trees like encalyptus, plums, acacia,
passion fruits etc..
Environment protection activities carried out in the Sector are essentially to fight soil
erosion by reforestation and digging terraces.
2.2.2.11. Mines and quarries
In Rubavu Sector, there is no single mine exploited on industrial scale. The last research
on mine prospects in the area found no existence of mineral deposits of any significant
importance.
The Sector is also rich in various types of clay often of good quality. Clay deposits are
concentrated in low laying marshlands. This clay is used in bricks and tites making.
There are also sand quarries, gravel and stones used locally in the construction of roads
and houses.
2.2.3. Health
Table 5 presents the current situation in the health sector.
Table 5: Current situation in the health sector in Rubavu Sector
REFERENCE NUMBER OBSERVATIONSNational reference hospital 1 Centre de Sante de MuraraFirst stage reference hospital 1 District hospital (Rubavu)Health Centres 2Centres specialising in mental health 0
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Nurses 2Health posts 0General practioner doctors 2A1 midwife nurses 0A1 Nurses 2A2 Nurses 12A2 Social assistants 4A0 Pharmacists 0Anaesthtist 1Mental health technicians 1Dentist 1A1 Kinesitherapist 0A1 Laboratory technician 1A2 Laboratory technician 4
The principal cause of morbidity and mortality by decreasing order are: malaria,
respiratory diseases, AIDS, diarrhea diseases and diseases linked to malnutrition.
These principal causes of morbidity and mortality can be linked mainly to lack of hygiene,
ignorance, lack of material and financial means and long distance to health centres in
certain Cells.
2.2.4. Gender and Family Promotion
In the domain of gender and family promotion, the Sector has already made significant
progress as women organisational structures at all administration levels (Cells, Villages
and Sector) play a big role in the mobilisation of women on current national policies.
Women are also integrated in decision making institutions.
Women organise themselves in mutually beneficial associations which engage in income
generating activities such as commerce, breeding of small animals, crafts particularly basket
and mat weaving, brick making and agriculture.
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2.2.5. Vulnerable groups
Rubavu Sector has a number of vulnerable persons as a result of the war of October 1990,
1994 genocide, epidemic diseases, pandemics like HIV/AIDS and homelessness.
A large number of these vulnerable persons have neither shelter nor land for cultivation.
Their housing is inappropriate and children access to education and health care is very
limited.
The following table 3 gives current available figures.
Table 3: Number of vulnerable persons in the Sector
Category Number
Orphan 230
Widow(er) 761
Physically 273
Old people 404
Destitute 277
Source : Data produced by Sector (June 2011)
2.3. Administrative structure of Rubavu Sector
On 31 December 2005, Law No 29/2005 determining the administrative entities of the Republic
of Rwanda was gazetted. It represents the legal basis of the Local Administration Reform
Policy, adopted in 2005 with the following specific objectives:
To promote and enhance effectiveness in service delivery by making the Sector a truly
service delivery focal point with adequate human, material and financial capacity, and to
improve collection of data and information at this level;
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To streamline and strengthen the coordination of public services and local economic
development at District Level by availing more technically competent personnel as well as
financial resources to the District to ensure sustainable decentralized fiscal regimes;
To strengthen the coordination of development activities;
To establish and strengthen coherent monitoring and evaluation systems as well as
institutionalize accountability tools and systems.
The country is currently composed of two layers of government (central and local) and of six
administrative entities: the Central Government, the Province (Intara), the District (Akarere),
the Sector (Umurenge), the Cell (Akagari) and the Village (Umudugudu). These structures,
which were reorganised under the 2005 reform, are complementary. Their new roles and
responsibilities have been clarified and distributed based on estimated capacities at each level
and their comparative advantages. The Figure below shows the administrative boundaries of the
Republic of Rwanda.
The Sector is a development level at which the population accesses various services in
accordance with existing laws The Sector shall have the following responsibilities:
1. Provide basic services including, death, marriage and birth registration;
2. Analyse people's problems and devise a participatory development plan;
3. Receive and settle problems which could not be solved at the Cell level;
4. Collect data which can be used to plan development activities;
5. Co-ordinate activities of Government special programmes (Gacaca, Tig, Mediators ..);
6. Monitor management and use of land, housing, infrastructure, environment and hygiene;
7. Sensitise people to participate in Government political, social and economic development
programmes;
8. Assist the District in tax collection;
9. Maintain and monitor the functioning of health centres;
10. Devise a programme of sensitising people to join the Health Insurance Schemes and
register those who join them;
11. Promote sports, culture and entertainment;
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12. Publicise laws and regulations on quarries and mines;
13. Publicise District and Sector Council decisions among Sector residents.
2.3.1. Administrative structures
A Council is hereby established at Sector and Executive Secretariat levels.
A. Sector Council
1. Responsibilities of the Sector Council
The Sector Council has the following responsibilities:
1. Approve Sector strategies and action plan and monitor their implementation by the
Executive
2. Approve the annual action plan and budget;
3. Approve or change decisions taken at the Cell level;
4. Activities and functioning of the Executive Secretary;
5. Analyse existing problems and approve modalities to address them;
6. Take disciplinary sanctions against leaders or any other employee at that level or of the Cell
level including temporary suspension for indiscipline or incompetence. The final decision to
replace him/he shall be taken by the District Council where the Sector is located;
7. Debate and take decisions on how security can be ensured in the Sector;
8. Elect the Council Bureau;
9. Monitor implementation of the communal work programmes (umuganda) for each term as
approved by each Cell Council basing on programmes from the Villages;
10. Approve days for mass marriage ceremony.
2. Members of the Sector Council
Voluntary services
Sector Council members shall be credible persons of integrity whose services shall be
voluntary.
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They shall be elected for a mandate of five (5) years. When that period expires, other
elections shall be held. The serving Council members can again stand for elections.
Members
The Sector Council comprises of the following:
1. All Co-ordinators of Cells within the Sector;
2. A Cell representative elected by the Cell Council;
3. Members of the National Youth Bureau at Sector level;
4. A Coordinator of the National Council of Women at Sector level;
5. Women representatives who should be at of least 30% of all Sector Council members;
6. A Headmaster representing Headmasters all primary schools in the Sector;
7. A representative of Non-Governmental Organisations operating in the Sector;
8. A representative of co-operatives in the Sector elected by his/her colleagues;
9. A Headmaster representing secondary schools in the Sector;
10. A leader representing hospitals, nutritional centers or health centers in the Sector.
Soon after elections, Sector Council members shall take, in front of the electorate, the oath
provided for in Article 61 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of June 4, 2003 as
amended to date. That ceremony shall be presided over by the District leaders.
B. Sector Executive Secretariat
Members
The Sector Executive Secretariat comprises of the Executive Secretary and other essential
staff employed by the District Council through competition and in accordance with the
organisational chart of each Sector approved by the Sector Council concerned.
The Sector Executive Secretary shall have a minimum qualification of a University degree or
any other Higher Institution but within A0 category. He/she can alternatively have a senior six
certificate and a six-year experience in leadership roles.
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Executive Secretariat employees
Sector Executive Secretariat staff are employees of the District and shall implement the Sector
responsibilities on daily basis. The Sector Council shall monitor their performance on daily
basis through its Bureau.
Executive Secretary
The Sector Executive Secretary shall assist the Council secretary in his/her duties to enable
him/her discharge his/her responsibilities effectively.
The Sector Executive Secretary shall be the secretary for Sector Council meetings. He/she
shall communicate to the Sector Council Bureau all instructions given by the District.
The Sector Executive Secretary shall attend Council meetings but is prohibited from voting
when decisions are taken.
Responsibilities
Without prejudice to provisions within this order, the Sector Executive Secretariat shall
specifically have the following responsibilities:
1. Co-ordinate Government programmes at Sector level;
2. Keep security of persons and their property;
3. Prepare the Sector plan of action and budget;
4. Perform the function of registration and other services provided at Sector level as provided
for by the Law;
5. Ensure services given to the population at all levels of the Sector are of good quality and
delivered on time;
6. Prepare and give report to the Council Bureau every month and whenever necessary so that
it can submit it to the Council;
7. Ensure rational use of District resources and finances in the Sector;
8. Prepare all development programmes at Sector level;
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9. Prepare program for Sector Council meetings and submit it to the Bureau so that it gives it
to the Council;
10. Ensure all correspondence which require response are answered;
11. Disseminate to the population all information which can enable them to better perform
development activities;
12. Monitor development projects operating in the Sector;
13. Collect statistics;
14. Submit to the Council Bureau all instructions given by the District and Sector Council
within a period not exceeding three (3) days;
15. Submit report to the Sector Council Bureau President with a copy to the District Mayor;
16. Perform any other duty assigned by competent higher authorities.
17. In his/her absece he/she is replaced by a professional in charge good governance
2.3.2. Working relationship the between Sector and District structures
The Sector Council President and Executive Secretary shall submit the Sector report once a
month and whenever necessary. That report must be approved by the Council before it is sent
to the District Mayor.
Every member of staff at Sector level submits his/her report to the person with similar
responsibilities at District level. A copy of such report is given to the Sector Executive
Secretary to be included in the general report.
2.4. Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (VUP) in Rubavu Sector
2.4.1. Vision
Releasing the productive capacities of people and offering solutions adapted to their
needs
Improving community livelihood assets and ensuring their sustainable usage
Increasing the targeting of social protection to the most vulnerable
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2.4.2. Mission
Contribute to reduce extreme poverty from 36.9% (2005/2006) to 24% (2012)
Instigate changes in the efficiency of poverty reduction (coordination,
interconnectedness of services, change attitudes)
Ensure economic growth is pro-poor.
2.4.3. Core Functions
Sensitizing very poor people unable to participate in normal economic activities to the
direct support program from VUP
Interesting and sensitizing people to apply voluntarily to get public work
Sensitizing people recruited to public work to save s percentage of his salary for being
eligible to the credit.
Assist people eligible to credit to design project and get credit
2.4.4. Core Values
Increase the income of very poor citizens in the Sector by improving their
productivity.
2.4.5. Service offered by the Vision 2020 Umurenge (RUBAVU)
1. Acquiring direct support in Vision 2020 Umurenge Project
What is the service? Am I eligible?
VUP direct support service is given to very
poor people unable to participate in normal
economic activities eg the sick and old
especially in families without a bread earner.
Direct support is based on the village level
and depends on the number of people in the
household. Eg head of the family: 250 frw,
partner; 150 including up to a maximum of 3
dependants each receiving 100 frw per day.
These people are also assisted to form saving
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schemes and design self help projects.
Which public administration do I go to? Sector
Which unit within the public administration
do I go to?
Vision 2020 Umurenge Sector Unit
Where can I access the service? VUP Sector
When can I access the service? 7:00am – 5:00pm, Monday to Friday
Once a request is made or an application is
submitted, how long will it take?
One week from the time the list of
beneficiaries is given to the VUP Sector.
What, if any, are the costs for accessing the
service?
Free service
What documents are required? List of the very poor and unable to work
people.
What is the procedure?
To get direct support from VUP:
*Umudugudu and cell office in a general
assembly prepare a list of very poor people in
their area who cannot engage in work. *Joint
Action Development Forum (JADF) of the
Sector approves the list. *The selected people
are sensitized on the direct support program
from VUP. *The people selected are then
given direct assistance for a period not
exceeding one year.
What, if any, other institutions do I need to
visit to access the service?
(Eg. For payment of service costs or to get
additional documents)
Village and Cell
Is there a complaint procedure? No formal procedure
Is there any additional information regarding
The other group of people assisted is the most
disadvantaged group eg the mentally sick, the
disabled etc whose assistance is continued
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this service that is useful to know? beyond one year. The very sick and disabled
are parented to people who can manage them
with direct support from VUP. These people
are also assisted to get into the saving
schemes and design self help projects.
Source: Citizen’s Charter, Vision 2020 Umurenge Program Rubavu Sector, 2010
2. Recruitment of Vision 2020 Umurenge Project (VUP) public work
What is the service? Am I eligible?
VUP offers public works to very poor people
residents of the sector.
Recruitment is done through a process of
identifying the very poor but able to work.
Which public administration do I go to? Sector
Which unit within the public administration
do I go to?
Vision 2020 Umurenge Sector Unit
Where can I access the service? VUP Sector Office
When can I access the service? 7:00am – 5:00pm, Monday to Friday
Once a request is made or an application is
submitted, how long will it take?
One week from the time work
What, if any, are the costs for accessing the
service?
Free service
What documents are required? List of the very poor and able to work.
What is the procedure?
To get recruitment from VUP public work;
*Umudugudu and cell office in a general
assembly prepare a list of very poor people in
their area with less than ¼ hectare of land and
have capacity to work. *The selected people
are sensitized on the public works program.
*Interested but sensitized people then
voluntarily apply verbally to get work.*The
people selected are then given work in
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Ubudehe village program.
What, if any, other institutions do I need to
visit to access the service?
(Eg. For payment of service costs or to get
additional documents)
Village, Cell and Private enterprise
Is there a complaint procedure? No formal procedure
Is there any additional information regarding
this service that is useful to know?
Sensitization of the people is done such that
they understand conditions under which they
will work and apply voluntarily to get work.
These include; the rate of payment per day,
paying workers to through a bank account
and saving a percentage of his salary for
being eligible to the credit. If no workers are
available in a given sector the private
contractor; may employ anybody else from
any where. All workers are employed for a
maximum of six month running. The savings
kept for every worker, is for developing a
project meant to sustain individual workers
after the expiration of the work contract. VUP
Sector program managers assist workers
individually to design and set up projects of
their interest individually of jointly and helps
them negotiate bank loans for these projects
if need be.
Source: Citizen’s Charter, Vision 2020 Umurenge Program Rubavu Sector, 2010
3. Submitting a project proposal to Vision 2020 Umurenge Project (VUP)
You get assistance form Vision 2020
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What is the service? Am I eligible?
Umurenge project which includes advocacy
on your project to a cooperative finance.
Vision 2020 Umurenge project prefer to give
assistance to a group of people with joint
project or cooperative.
Which public administration do I go to? Sector
Which unit within the public administration
do I go to?
Vision 2020 Umurenge Sector Unit
Where can I access the service? VUP Sector
When can I access the service? 7:00am – 5:00pm, Monday to Friday
Once a request is made or an application is
submitted, how long will it take?
2 weeks
What, if any, are the costs for accessing the
service?
There is no charge for this service
What documents are required? None
What is the procedure?
To get assistance from vison 2020
Umurenge: 1. Go to the Umudugudu level
ask for 2 Forms: one for designing project
and another for contract then submit your
request, the Mudugudu make a list of eligible
projects which are forward to the cell level. 2.
The cell level consolidates different lists from
villages. 3. The Sector council in charge of
project studies approves your project. In 2
weeks you come back up your project and
fund for the project.
What, if any, other institutions do I need to
visit to access the service?
(Eg. For payment of service costs or to get
None
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additional documents)
Is there a complaint procedure? There is no formal complaints procedure in
place for this service
Is there any additional information regarding
this service that is useful to know?
The group assisted by Vision 2020 Umurenge
program is regularly trained to save money
and to do investment from their saving.
Source: Citizen’s Charter, Vision 2020 Umurenge Program Rubavu Sector, 2010
4. Acquiring direct support in Vision 2020 Umurenge Project
What is the service? Am I eligible?
VUP direct support service is given to very
poor people unable to participate in normal
economic activities eg the sick and old
especially in families without a bread earner.
Direct support is based on the village level
and depends on the number of people in the
household. Eg head of the family: 250 frw,
partner; 150 including up to a maximum of 3
dependants each receiving 100 frw per day.
These people are also assisted to form saving
schemes and design self help projects.
Which public administration do I go to? Sector
Which unit within the public administration
do I go to?
Vision 2020 Umurenge Sector Unit
Where can I access the service? VUP Sector
When can I access the service? 7:00am – 5:00pm, Monday to Friday
Once a request is made or an application is
submitted, how long will it take?
One week from the time the list of
beneficiaries is given to the VUP Sector.
What, if any, are the costs for accessing the
service?
Free service
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What documents are required? * List of the very poor and unable to work
people.
What is the procedure?
To get direct support from VUP:
*Umudugudu and cell office in a general
assembly prepare a list of very poor people in
their area who cannot engage in work.
*The selected people are sensitized on the
direct support program from VUP.
*The people selected are then given direct
assistance for a period not exceeding six
months.
What, if any, other institutions do I need to
visit to access the service?
(Eg. For payment of service costs or to get
additional documents)
None
Is there a complaint procedure? No formal procedure
Is there any additional information regarding
this service that is useful to know?
The other group of people assisted is the most
disadvantaged group eg the mentally sick, the
disabled etc whose assistance is continued
beyond six months.
The very sick and disabled are parented to
people who can manage them with direct
support from VUP. These people are also
assisted to get into the saving schemes and
design self help projects.
Source: Citizen’s Charter, Vision 2020 Umurenge Program Rubavu Sector, 2010
PARTIAL CONCLUSION
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This chapter was concerning the presentation of our case study which is Rubavu Sector. It has
showed the geographical principal characteristics of Rubavu Sector, socio-economic situation
of Rubavu Sector which has been presented under two aspects; human development sector
and economic development sector. In this chapter, the Administrative structure of Rubavu
Sector has been presented.
In this chapter we presented the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (VUP) in Rubavu Sector. It
spells out the role of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program, highlights the services offered and
the requirements therein, lists the service centers at which Vision 2020 Umurenge Program
services can be accessed and the guiding legal instruments.
The next chapter is going to cover the analysis and interpretations of the findings.
CHAPTER THREE: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
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3.1. Introduction
This chapter presents the data collected on the field, analyses and interpretation of the
findings of the research and related information collected in conjunction with the research
objectives.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of GIRINKA program (one cow per
family) in poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in Rubavu Sector. In this chapter
both primary and secondary data are analyzed and presented in terms of tables, descriptions,
and percentages.
3.2. Sample Size
The study must consider a sample size that is within the cost constraint but should provide the
ability to detect an independent variable effect (Christensen, 1991: 372). Williamson
(1982:113) comments on the sample size as being a phase of research, which is crucial
because of its major impact on time and money that must go into data collection.
Due to limited resources in terms of money, time and the need for precision of results, it was
impossible to study the whole population.
To determine our sample size, the formula of Alain Bouchard has been used. Thus, given that
our universe is 215, the formula has been used as followed:
nc : sample size
25
n : sample size for a defined population of 96
N : Size of our statistic universe (total population)
Using the above formula with our data we have:
Therefore our sample size is composed by 66 persons.
3.3. Characteristics of respondents
3.3.1. Distribution by Age and Sex
Age and Sex as essential characteristics was put into consideration in this study. This was
done in order to obtain information concerning GIRINKA PROGRAM towards poverty
reduction of the population from different age groups and sex. This provides quality data and
it is clearly shown in the table 1 below.
Table1. Distribution of Respondents by Age and Sex
Age Group Male Female Total
20-29 0 0 0
20-39 2 4 6
40-49 12 18 30
50-59 10 16 26
60-69 0 4 4
Above 70 0 0 0
TOTAL 24 42 66Source: primary data
26
From the table above, it can be noted that the study considered old and advanced year’s
people. This was done so as to obtain information on the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM
towards poverty alleviation of the population from all the age groups and sex.
Table 1 indicates that, the majority of respondents were those falling in the age group of 40-
49 years constituting 45.5 % of the sample size. The age group of 20-29 constituted 0 % and
the age of above 71 constituted 0 % of the sample size.
This age group (20-29) is resulting from the fact that most of the people under this group are
still dependents, depending on their parents or guardians so they can manage to benefit from
the PROGRAM. A big number are in the age group of 40-49 years followed by the age
groups of 50-59 years resulting from the fact these two age groups (50-59, 40-49) contain
poor families who keep orphans due to 1994 war and genocide; also are in the active class.
So, they are capable of getting incomes, employment through working and gain from the
PROGRAM. The age group of above 70 years, constitute an inactive group of people who are
weak and hence not able to gain from GIRINKA PROGRAM everyday activities and not
capable of providing physical labor.
This table above shows the distribution of the 66 samples by sex, and shows that 24 which is
36.4% of total respondents were Males and 42 which is 63.6% of the respondents were
Females. It is clear that the number of female respondents were bigger than that of their male
counterparts. These results are from the fact that most of females inhabitant in the Sector lose
their husbands due to consequences of the bloody events of 1994 and migration toward urban
areas so as to search for job generating income.
Furthermore, those females still believe that GIRINKA PROGRAM could improve their
wellbeing in general and help them to better keep their children, orphans as well as to
ameliorate the soil quality in order to generate increase in different items from agricultural
productivity so as to reduce the challenge of malnutrition.
3.3.2. Distribution by marital Status
27
Marital status was also an essential characteristic that was put into consideration in this study.
This was done in order to obtain information from different social set up of the population.
Details are in table 2 below:
Table 2. Distribution by marital status
Status Frequency Percent
Single 18 27.3
Married 20 30.3
Widow (er) 28 42.4
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
The table above shows that the majority of the respondents are widow(er). They account for
about 42.4% of the total sample. About 27.3% of the respondents are single and the rest are
married (30.3%).
In brief the main demographical profile of respondents is widow(er) and mature more than 30
years old.
3.3.3. Distribution by Education level
The levels of education of respondents were also put into consideration to show their impact
and relationship of GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of the population in general and
poverty reduction in particular.
Details are presented in the table 3 below:
Table 3. Distribution by Education Level
Education level Frequency Percent
Non-formal education 41 62.1
28
Primary school 23 34.9
Secondary school 2 3
High school 0 0
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
As indicated in the table 3 above, each respondent category has its level of education that is
different from others. This indicates that all categories of education were taken care of in
studying of GIRINKA PROGRAM, poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural
areas.
Majority of the respondents were illiterate comprising of 41 persons constituting 62.1% of the
sample size. Those with primary level were 21 Persons making 34.9 % of the sample size. 2
respondents have secondary education level. Nobody has high level education.
3.3.4. Distribution by Occupation
Occupation was also put into consideration in data collection in order to obtain clear
information concerning agriculture and GIRINKA PROGRAM in the area. The detail is given
in the table 4 below:
Table 4. Distribution by Occupation
Education level Frequency Percent
Farmer 21 31.8
Self-employed 0 0
Seller 3 4.5
Local government employed 0 0
Labor 35 53
Other 7 10.7
Total 66 100
29
Source: primary data
The table above shows that 21 respondents (31.8%) are farmers, 3 respondents (4.5%) are
sellers, 35 respondents (53%) are labors and 7 (10.7%) respondents have different
occupations.
A great number of all respondents being farmers and cattle Keepers indicate the reason why
GIRINKA PROGRAM can play a crucial role in improving the socio-economic wellbeing
and reducing poverty in particular for the population inhabitant Rubavu Sector than any other
policy.
3.4. Cow production and management
3.4.1. When were you given a cow?
Table 5. When were you given a cow?
Year Frequency Percent
2006 8 12.1
2007 8 12.1
2008 12 18.2
2009 10 15.2
2010 9 13.6
2011 13 19.7
2012 6 9.1
Total 66 100
The table above shows that many cows have been given in 2011 (19.7%) this is due to the fact
that the numbers of stakeholders in GIRINKA PROGRAM has been increased.
3.4.2. Race / category of cow received
30
In GIRINKA PROGRAM people has received different race of cows. The table 6 below
shows the distribution of cow by race.
Table 6. Race / category of cow received
Race Frequency Percent
Pure Frisonne 16 24.3
Pure Jersey 14 21.2
Mixed (“croisée”) 10 15.2
Ankole 20 30.3
Burun Suisse 6 9
Total 66 100
The table above shows that the race of Ankole is the most given with 30.3% of all the races
followed by Pure Frisonne 24.3% of all the races. Given that Pure Frisonne is the race which
gives a big quantity of milk; this will show the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM on milk
production.
3.4.3. Possession of a ranch
We wanted to know how many people have a ranch and how their ranches are. The table
below shows the people with a ranch and the quality of their ranches.
Table 7. Possession and quality of ranch
Ranch quality Frequency Percent
Very good 66 100
Good 0 0
Bad 0 0
Total 66 100
31
The table above shows that all respondents have ranches and all their ranches are very good.
This is due to the fact that the Sector after giving a cow they construct a ranch to the
beneficiary.
3.4.4. Quantity of milk produced
We wanted to know how many liters of milk are produced; this production depends on the
race of the cow. Some cows can produce up to 10 liters per day.
3.4.5. Market for cow production
We wanted to know where the beneficiaries of GIRINKA PROGRAM sell their products. The
table 8 below shows the market for cow production of the beneficiaries.
Table 8. Market for production
Market Frequency Percent
Local Markets 32 48.5
Cooperative 4 6.1
Neighbors 28 42.4
Industry / Dairy 0 0
Other 2 3
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
This table shows that many beneficiaries sell their products at local markets and neighbors.
None among the beneficiaries sells his products in Industries or dairies, this due to the fact
that there is no dairy or industry in Rubavu Sector.
32
3.5. Rural Development Status
3.5.1. Perception toward Income generating which increases earnings
We wanted to know how many respondents had bank account before they were given a cow and how many people have bank account after they were given a cow. The details are given in the table below:
Table 9. People who had bank account before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Yes 2 3 Yes 42 63.6
No 64 97 No 24 36.4
Total 66 100 Total 66 100
The table above shows that 40 respondents have opened bank accounts after they were given
cows. This show the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM in increasing income of its
beneficiaries. 36.4% of the respondents has not opened bank account yet, this is due to the
fact that some of them are so far from banks / SACCO and others have a little production.
Source of income and employment were also considered as an essential source of information
in data collection as far as the relationship between GIRINKA PROGRAM and poverty
reduction of the population are concerned. The details are in the table 10 below:
33
Table 10. Income generating activities before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Activity Frequency Percent Activity Frequency Percent
Farming 0 0 Farming 46 69.7
Raise 2 3 Raise 2 3
Selling 1 1.5 Selling 5 7.6
Labor 20 30.3 Labor 12 18.2
None 42 63.6 None 0 0
Other 1 1.5 Other 1 1.5
Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source : Primary data
As illustrated in the above table, before theye were given cows, none of all respondents was
engaged in farming, 3% in raising animals ,30.3% in labor sale, 1.5% in Selling and 63.6 %
had no income generating activity. After they were given cows, as illustrated in the table
above, 69.7% of all respondents is engaged in farming, 3% in raising animals, 18.2% in labor
sale, 7.6% in Selling and 1.5% of the respondents has other income generating activities.
The above two sources of income of respondents (farming and labor) reveal that GIRINKA
PROGRAM is important in this area.
3.5.2. Perception toward Food Security
Table 10. Food condition before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Condition Frequency Percent Condition Frequency Percent
Sufficient 2 3 Sufficient 66 100
34
Insufficient 64 97 Insufficient 0 0
Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source : Primary data
From the above table, among the beneficiaries of GIRINKA PROGRAM in Rubavu Sector
surveyed, 2 % of them rated food condition Sufficient, while 64% of them see that food
condition in their respective households was Insufficient before they were given cows. This
insufficient in food taken per day was supported by the number of meals that they take per
day. All respondent agrees that their meals in take have been increased and ameliorated due to
the intervention of GIRINKA PROGRAM in their area.
3.5.3. Perception toward Basic health
According to respondents' views, the awareness, which measures access to information, was
highly accepted among respondents regarding health. Almost all of respondents said that they
could get access to health information and participate in the campaigns. In this regard, many
activities and group education about health have been undertaken to share information, it also
plays important role changing from the use of traditional treatment like superstitious ways to
scientifically medical treatment.
Inclusion and Participation in health training and services is another measurement of
awareness. According to the interview with the respondents, all respondents use to
participated in HIV/AIDS training and awareness. Impressively 100% of respondents
participated in health activities. They were well aware of the issue and willing to participate
for their own good and their community.
Table 12. Health services rating before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTERRating Frequency Percent Rating Frequency Percent Very poor 35 53 Very poor 0 0Poor 31 47 Poor 0 0Good 0 0 Good 44 66.7Very good 0 0 Very good 22 33.3Total 66 100 Total 66 100
35
Source: Primary data
Table 13. Medical insurance before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Insurance Frequency Percent Insurance Frequency Percent
Yes 12 18.2 Yes 66 100
No 54 81.8 No 0 0
Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source: Primary data
The table above shows that all respondents have insurance medical after they were given
cows while before they were only 18.2% of all the respondents. This reveal the impact of
GIRINKA PROGRAM in health.
3.5.4. Perception toward Education
Table 13. Children schooling before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Schooling Frequency Percent Schooling Frequency Percent
Yes 26 39.4 Yes 51 77.3
No 40 60.6 No 15 22.7
Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source: Primary data
3.5.4. Perception toward Communication
Table 14. Information Communication tools and services used before and after they were given a cow
36
BEFORE AFTER
ICT Tools Frequency ICT Tools Frequency
Radio 12 Radio 42
Fixed Telephone 0 Fixed Telephone 0
Mobile 0 Mobile 10
Television 0 Television 0
Computer 0 Computer 0
Internet 0 Internet 0Source: Primary data
The table above illustrates that before 12 respondents used Radio as CIT tools, none of them
used telephones, television, computer and internet. Now they are 42 respondents with radios
and 10 respondents with mobile phones.
Table 13. Main Sources of lighting energy before and after they were given a cow
BEFORE AFTER
Source Frequency Percent Source Frequency Percent
Candle 46 69.7 Candle 24 36.4
Petroleum 20 30.3 Petroleum 32 48.5
Electricity 0 0 Electricity 9 13.6
Biogas 0 0 Biogas 1 1.5
Total 66 100 Total 66 100
Source: Primary data
The table 13 shows that due to GIRINKA PROGRAM 9 people have electricity and 1 has
biogas as source of energy and lighting.
37
3.6. Analyzing the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM in wellbeing of its
beneficiaries
3.6.1. Job opportunities
The research considered motivation as one of the factors that could clearly give information
as far as the relationship between GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of the population in
particular and poverty reduction in general is concerned. Therefore, respondents revealed that:
GIRINKA PROGRAM motives their members by providing them fertilizer;
It also motives their members by providing loans helping them buying cows;
The GIRINKA PROGRAM again motives their beneficiaries by training them on
modern farming methods, which increased their production capacity.
3.6.2. Income indicators
Despite political upheavals and increasing land pressure, the nutrition is tempered by evidence
of increasing of rural inequality in 1990s. While the least poor households expanded their
access to income through skilled labor, the majority of households retreated into a more
autarkic mode of production focused on key subsistence crops.
The change in crop mix seems to be associated with the improvement in the nutritional status
of children. In order to raise agriculturalist and rural labor’s income to generate opportunities
to earn better incomes outside agriculture, one of the new policies called GIRINKA
PROGRAM has been introduced in rural areas so as to provide new technologies needed for
recapitalization and transformation of the rural economy.
3.6.3. Contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM in social welfare of its beneficiaries
38
This entails the role plays by the PROGRAM towards the betterment of the beneficiaries in
the area where it operates. It is basically focused on the social necessities that are intended to
promote the welfare of the population.
Linked to the income generated and employment offered by GIRINKA PROGRAM, it is
equally important that the social wellbeing in guaranteed and the ultimate socio-economic
welfare of the members.
Therefore, indicators in health perspective that include nutrition among others create a
platform for analysis and assessment of the PROGRAM’s contribution.
3.6.4. How the program add value to farm gate products
The research had to consider methods used by GIRINKA PROGRAM in adding value to farm
gate products because it could give important information as far as social economic wellbeing
and poverty reduction in general is concerned. According to responses from the Veterinary at
Sector level, methods used include:
Artificial insemination so as to improve cows breed for milk production;
Provision of farm equipment;
Training of Veterinaries personnel (VSF) on the rampant disease like foot and mouth
disease;
They also use fertilizers, manure in reducing the soil exhaustion.
He however stated that some of the achievements benefited by beneficiaries from GIRINKA
PROGRAM include:
To manage to pay school fees for their children;
Increase productivity and income;
To sell at a relatively high price compared to before joining the program;
Health problems reduced.
The research was interested in knowing the wellbeing of beneficiaries of people of the after
joining the program so as to verify the positive impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM toward
39
socio-economic wellbeing and poverty reduction in particular. More details are indicated in
the table 14 below:
Table 14 Classification of respondents according to their socio-economic wellbeing after
joining the PROGRAM
Response Number of respondents % of respondents
Yes (positive impact) 66 100
No (negative impact) 0 0
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
From the table 14 above, 66 respondents 100% of sample size revealed that their socio-
economic life positively changed after joining GIRINKA PROGRAM. None of them said that
it had no importance. Therefore, GIRINKA PROGRAM should be emphasized in poverty
reduction in general.
The rate of unemployment and malnutrition were a crucial characteristic in data collection
because they indicate the rate of poverty. The rate of poverty was important in data collection
due to the fact that it is one of the important concepts the researcher was interested in. The
details are in the table 15 below:
Table 15 Classification of respondents in relation to the rate of poverty in the area before
joining the PROGRAM.
Response Number of respondents % of respondents
Yes 60 91
No 6 9
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
40
From the table 15 above, 60 respondents said that the rate of poverty before the functionment
of GIRINKA PROGRAM was very high corresponding to 91% as compared to those who
responded by stating that the rate of poverty was low equivalent to 9%. Therefore, there is a
need for the PROGRAM to solve the problem of poverty.
Table 16 Classification of respondents according to the rate of poverty in the area after
joining the PROGRAM.
Response Number of respondents % of respondents
Very high 2 3.03
High 2 3.03
Medium 6 9.09
Low 56 84.9
Very low 0 0
Total 66 100
Source: primary data
As shown in the table 16 above, 2 respondent who constitute 3.03% of the sample size
revealed that the rate of poverty after joining GIRINKA PROGRAM was very high, 2
respondent reported it being high, 6 respondents who constitute 9.09 % of the sample size
indicated that it was medium, 56 respondents who constitute 84.9 % of the sample size
indicated that poverty is low. For the Researcher, none of the respondents showed that
poverty is very high after joining the PROGRAM. So, from the above information both on
socio-economic wellbeing particularly and poverty reduction in general, one can conclude
that the household crop incremental resulting from GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of
Rwandan population are inversely related.
3.6.5. The impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM’s activities with regard to wellbeing of
Rubavu Sector population
The impacts of the activities of GIRINKA PROGRAM with regard to wellbeing of the
population are in line with its mission of developing and backing up population’s social
economic development in particular and poverty reduction in general.
41
The researcher states that:
All respondents revealed that GIRINKA PROGRAM ‘s activities have lead to
considerable improvement in the standards of living of the Beneficiaries at household
levels;
The program intended for enabling the population to have access to job and income
etc;
Also the respondents contented that GIRINKA PROGRAM encouraged its
beneficiaries to create small-scale projects and following-up their implementation as
well as assessing their impact on the Beneficiaries’ social cohesion and the
environment in general;
It was further indicated that, through GIRINKA PROGRAM, Beneficiaries have been
able to engage beneficial and profitable small project activities which enable them to
re-invest in developmental activities. From the funds earned, parents who have
children are able to pay school fees and attain family basic needs such as nutrition,
shelter etc;
Beneficiaries further emphasized that before joining the PROGRAM they were not
engaged in any activity that could improve their standard of living but, after joining it
they are introduced in a system of savings that could help them to keep their projects
records which would lead to self-reliance;
Authorities still indicated that Beneficiaries have been encouraged to participate in
meetings and discussions from which they gain knowledge and confidence on their
economic improvement, mutual solidarity and trust;
42
These activities have enabled them to increase their levels of income as well as decrease in
poverty .None of the Beneficiaries revealed that before joining the PROGRAM were
economically good or very good
No respondent among all the Beneficiaries denied the fact that GIRINKA PROGRAM has
improved on their standards of living. The above discussion shows that the activities of
GIRINKA PROGRAM as regards to wellbeing of the population have had a considerable
impact on life of the Beneficiaries as well as that of the population in general.
3.6.6. Rubavu Sector Authorities views on the importance of GIRINKA PROGRAM in
relation to crop incremental
On the question whether Authorities regard GIRINKA PROGRAM as indispensable and
necessary for wellbeing of the population, all the Authorities all of whom were questioned
held the view that the PROGRAM is an essential stakeholder for population development in
the country. In order to justify their stand, the respondents revealed the role of GIRINKA
PROGRAM in relation to crop incremental as below:
GIRINKA PROGRAM works as means through which populations make their
contribution ameliorating their social economic wellbeing and to the development of
the country. On this issue, the Veterinary at Sector level had this to say: “Wellbeing of
the population in a given country cannot take place when the majority of the
population is not actively engaged in all developmental ventures. Therefore, GIRINKA
PROGRAM is necessary because it assists Rwandan population have access to income
so as to handle themselves problems encountered at household level”. Thus, the
population can become actor and able to carry out profit earning activities and
contribute to the development of their families as well as of the national economy due
to the fertilizer from the program.
43
The in-charge of Social Affairs at Sector level asserted that: “GIRINKA PROGRAM is
necessary because it enables the population to get out of misery and stress especially
to traumatized one due to 1994 war and Genocide in Rwanda”. In this context
therefore, the traumatized and other people with the same problem are given cows to
console them so as to increase their productivity, stress and turn back to their normal
life.
The in –charge of Agriculture, livestock, business and promotion of cooperatives at
Sector level noted that:” GIRINKA PROGRAM helps to facilitate economic
empowerment of the population whereby through knowledge and skills, population is
able to design and implement small income generating projects".
Regarding this, there is an increase in agricultural productivity gained through manure
from the PROGRAM.
3.7. The problems encountered by beneficiaries in implementing GIRINKA
PROGRAM’ activities
There are many problems Beneficiaries encounter in executing GIRINKA PROGRAM’
missions as below:
High illiteracy and ignorance rate amongst Beneficiaries is another problem they face.
This affects them to design their projects, evaluate, formulate and monitor their
performance especially to know their monthly income and profits to ensure their
effectiveness ;
Also, heavy household occupation is another problem identified among Beneficiaries.
They contended that this affects them to participate in project activities because most
of their time is spent in family affairs like looking after their children, fetching water
and collecting firewood;
Limited land is another factor that limits the agricultural activities. It mainly affects
Beneficiaries who are engaged in projects that require extensive land for farming and
44
cultivation. In addition, the Beneficiaries who are involved in art and craft projects
lack enough raw materials for their trade;
Respondents further stressed that another problem they face is uncertain climatic
conditions caused by natural hazards. They revealed that crops are destroyed
whenever there are unpredictable climatic changes. However, as mentioned by the
Veterinary at Sector level, this problem has been solved by sensitizing the
Beneficiaries to plant their crops at early planting seasons.
It can therefore be deduced from the above arguments that although GIRINKA PROGRAM
offers support to Beneficiaries for the execution of their development initiatives, they still
encounter a series of problems; sustainable wellbeing of the population would largely depend
on how appropriate these problems are solved.
3.7.1. Problems GIRINKA PROGRAM faces in rendering its services
According to the Veterinary at Sector level, GIRINKA PROGRAM faces several problems in
its efforts to promote the population’s wellbeing and these include:
GIRINKA PROGRAM conducts its activities in a socio-economic environment which
is affected by the consequences of the 1994 war and Genocide whereby Survivors had
no hope for existence;
The PROGRAM faces the problem of logistical and technical assistance. Technical
problems include lack of enough materials and funds to finance all its development
projects;
Low financial capacity;
Low level of Beneficiaries’ entrepreneurship;
Lack of enough skilled human resources;
Lack of basic materials to use like enough stable offices and accounting and
management principles to effectively utilize their finance;
45
The Veterinary revealed that delay by the Donors to release funds is another problem
the program meets in rendering its services to its Beneficiaries.
3.7.2. Strategies proposed to overcome the above mentioned problems
Although the problems are still inflicting a great negative impact on population wellbeing in
the country, the Veterinary of Rubavu Sector stressed the following as strategies to overcome
some of these problems:
To solve the problem of limited capacity, funds continue to be mobilized from
different stakeholders for example local and INGOs and government of particularly
MINAGRI. This will enable the PROGRAM to promote population’s wellbeing
initiatives;
The PROGRAM will continue to offer training sessions to improve on the skills of the
Authorities and Beneficiaries as far as the management of the small-scale development
projects is concerned;
The problem of Beneficiaries who failed to breed the cows offered by GIRINKA
PROGRAM is being solved by obliging Beneficiaries to return back the cow and
Authorities give it to other person who is able to keep it properly.
3.7.3. Hypothesis testing
GIRINKA PROGRAM according to the research was proved to have an impact on the
poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural areas of Rwanda, justified by the fact
that social and economic wellbeing aims at improving the standards of life of the individuals.
Therefore, It was found that GIRINKA PROGRAM has improved the wellbeing of its
beneficiaries in Rubavu Sector of Rubavu District as revealed by 100% of respondents (see
table 13).
It was also found that GIRINKA PROGRAM can reduce the poverty problem as revealed by
84.9% of respondents (see table 15). In addition, GIRINKA PROGRAM has been proved to
46
be a solution to better standards of living of its Beneficiaries as revealed by 91% of the
respondents (see table 10). Furthermore, it is revealed that the following hypothesis :
- GIRINKA program (one cow per family) contributes in poverty reduction in Rubavu
Sector.
- GIRINKA program (one cow per family) has an impact in enhancing productivity in
Rubavu Sector.
Are confirmed.
GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. GENERAL CONCLUSION
The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the impact of GIRINKA program (one cow
per family) in poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural areas in general and in
Rubavu Sector in particular.
Based on the purpose of this research the main objectives of the study were:
- To review whether GIRINKA program do contribute to poverty reduction and enhance
productivity in rural areas.
- To demonstrate GIRINKA program
- To make recommendation
On the first objective upon the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM to poverty reduction of
its beneficiaries, the researcher concluded that to a big extent the PROGRAM has managed to
achieve its set objectives. In this regard, GIRINKA PROGRAM beneficiaries have benefited
in acquiring manure for fertilizing poor soil, amelioration in child malnutrition, shelter,
housing, clothes, and school fees as well as fund for health insurance is concerned etc.
On the second objective about the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM on beneficiaries’
social and economic wellbeing, the researcher concluded that income and employment
opportunities for the few years the PROGRAM has spent in operation, satisfactory
47
achievements have been registered since beneficiaries earn income from personal output and
being employed.
On the third objective where the researcher was set to investigate the extent to which the
PROGRAM has been able to poverty reduction, basing on the PROGRAM performance since
2006, it has improved beneficiaries’ incomes, provision of employment opportunities and
learning model to other programs about how they can improve their social and economic
wellbeing and reduce poverty.
From all the contributions, benefits and advantages that the PROGRAM offers to its
beneficiaries, farmers in the PROGRAM stands have better chance of developing socially and
economically than those not in the PROGRAM.
Regarding income and employment, the researcher found out that GIRINKA PROGRAM
with the support of its donors has contributed to its beneficiaries’ social economic wellbeing
as far as poverty reduction is concerned.
This is evidenced in table 13 on the comparison of population’s poverty before the
establishment of GIRINKA PROGRAM and in table 10 illustrating their occupation after
joining the PROGRAM. It was also found out that, income of beneficiaries of the PROGRAM
increased compared to those of non members whom they shared the same level of living
conditions. On the other hand, it was revealed that the PROGRAM also availed healthy
employment opportunities to both members and non beneficiaries to a limited extent and
allowed them to social cohesion.
It was further found out that a lot has been achieved as far as increase in agricultural
productivity, health, reduction of malnutrition and education are concerned. The PROGRAM
is particularly known to offer facilitation in developmental programs like trainings, meetings
and study tours on modern agriculture and environmental protection.
Furthermore, findings were also highlighted that the achievements of GIRINKA PROGRAM
have reached better extent, in as far as improving the wellbeing of its beneficiaries in the
48
context of fighting or reducing poverty and thus, becomes a social and economic model of
population’s wellbeing.
However, the problems encountered in implementation of GIRINKA PROGRAM were low
capital, illiteracy of its beneficiaries, and lack of natural resources to extend some of the
activities using manure as fertilizer, low land and climatic conditions.
2. Recommendations
Approaches to managing policies particularly GIRINKA PROGRAM should facilitate
people’s livelihood. After collection, analyzing and interpretation of the data, the researcher
came up with the following recommendations:
- The GIRINKA PROGRAM should always be in a position to using technological know-
how in its daily operations. This is in line with curbing down the issue of competition from
both local, regional and foreigner diary industries.
- GIRINKA PROGRAM should be promoted so as to provide a broader basis of reducing
poverty in Rwanda. This would automatically increase the purchasing power people and thus,
ultimate growth and development of the country.
- GIRINKA PROGRAM should endeavor to work hand in hand with the local Leaders so as
to sensitize individuals a system that should be designed to ensure efficient information flow
right from the grassroots to top management and management to grassroots (from top to
bottom and bottom to top).
- GIRINKA PROGRAM should join hands with other policies so as to have an increased
bargaining power from the Government. This in turn, should be assessed by the government
of Rwanda by focusing on the impact of the PROGRAM and other influencing policies on
population or examining their feasibility and consistency with other development objectives.
49
- Low education is one of the factors that hinder development particularly population’s
wellbeing and good performance of GIRINKA PROGRAM implementation. Therefore, the
government of Rwanda should provide rural population with selected seeds, modern breeds of
cattle and fertilizers so as to increase on production. In addition, with increased agricultural
production, producers can be able to sustain themselves through liquid cash. Furthermore, due
to well trained personnel, the little arable land and available soil would be utilized and
managed effectively.
3. Suggestions for further research
This study focused on GIRINKA PROGRAM and poverty reduction in rural areas. It
therefore focused on social economic wellbeing such as income, employment opportunities,
nutrition, agricultural productivity improvement and other social and economic wellbeing of
the PROGRAM beneficiaries.
Then, other researchers should give a supportive arm so as to shade light on what could
otherwise be vital as far as wellbeing of Rwandan population is concerned. It is also
suggested that future researchers should focus on the following areas:
The role of GIRINKA PROGRAM in raising agricultural development of rural people;
GIRINKA PROGRAM and socio-economic development in Rwandan rural areas;
50
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