Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds
21.1 Functional Groups21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds21.3 Organic Reactions21.4 Polymers
Functional GroupsAlcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groupsAlcohols are used as:
Fuel additivesSoapCologneMakeup
Naming Alcohols -OH
Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl groupDrop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol)Number the carbonsInsert position numbersPunctuate
Example
Alkyl HalidesOrganic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbonSome of the most widely used organic compounds
TeflonCFCs
Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl
Name the longest chain of carbonsAdd prefixes for attached halidesNumber the carbon atomsInsert position numbersPunctuate
Example
EthersOrganic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygenLow boiling pointsAct like alcohols
Naming Ethers R-O-R’
The word ether will come at the endUsed as fuel additivesAdd the names of the alkyl groupsAdd prefixes if necessary
Example
Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain
Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain
Aldehydes and KetonesUses of Aldehydes
FormaldehydeCinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)Benzaldehyde (nuts)
Uses of KetonesAcetone (nail polish remover)VanillinRaspberry ketone
Naming Aldehydes R-C=O
Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o)Change –e to -al
Example
Naming Ketones R-C-R’
Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl groupChange –e to –oneNumber carbonsInsert numbersPunctuate
O
Example
Carboxylic Acids -COOH
Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional groupUsed for
Acids which occur in plants and animalsUsed to make plastics
Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH
Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group
Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-
dioic)
Example
EstersOrganic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl groupUses
Responsible for most flavors and orders
Naming Esters R-COO-R’
Name the parent carboxylic acidChange the –oic to –oateAdd the alkyl groupsPunctuate
Example
AminesOrganic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH3
UsesCommon as poison secreted by animalsFormed during protein breakdownCaffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine
Naming Amines R-N-R’
Name the parent hydrocarbonDrop the –e and add –amineAdd the names of the alkyl groups
Example
21.3 Organic ReactionsThere are four types of organic reactions
Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination
Substitution ReactionsOn in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule
Addition ReactionsOne in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule
Addition ReactionsHydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule
Condensation ReactionsOne in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine
Elimination ReactionOn in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule
21.4 PolymersPolymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions
Monomer – small units that make up polymers
Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers
Thermal PropertiesThermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times
Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape
StructureLinear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)
StructureBranched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)
StructureCross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)
Addition PolymersA polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond
Addition Polymers
Natural v. Synthetic Rubber
Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree
Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.
Natural Rubber
Synthetic Rubber
Condensation PolymersA polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups)
Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber
Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers
Nylon
Polyester