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Chapter 20.1Diversity of Fungi
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FUNGI
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FUNGI
• COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES:– Mushrooms, yeasts,
molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls
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Key Concepts:
• Fungi are heterotrophs
• Fungi are the decomposers
• Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food
• Most fungi are multicellular
• Fungal spores develop from hyphae
• Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms
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Characteristics of Fungi
• Multicellular– Plant looking– Mushrooms, molds
• Single cell– Yeasts– Found in soil, on plants,
in humans– Bread, beer, wine– Cause yeast infections in humans
Yeast
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3 Major Features1.Cell walls
– Made of Chitin– The same stuff that makes insects’
exoskeleton.
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2. Hyphae
• The basic structure of fungi.• Long, thread-like chains of cells.• Grow at the tips and branch…• Mycelium – mass of hyphae
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3. Cross-walls
• The wall that divides cells• “septum”
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FUNGI
• FRUITING BODY– Visible part– Contains spore producing structures– Like a mushroom cap
Button
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Fungi Nutrition• 3 ways fungi absorb nutrition:
– Saprophytic – feed on dead matter• Example – bracket fungi
– Parasitic - feed on living organisms and only the parasite benefits from the relationship
• Example - ringworm
– Mutualistic – both organisms benefit from the relationship
• Example - mycorrhizae
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Fungi Reproduction
• 3 kinds of fungi reproduction:– Budding
– Fragmentation
– Spore production
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Sporophores
• The fruiting body of a spore forming fungus
Bread Mold
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Sporangium
• The sac where spores are produced• Protects spores from drying out
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Chapter 20.2Fungi Phyla
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5 Phyla of Fungi
1. Chytridiomycota - Chytrids
2. Zygomycota – Common Molds
3. Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
4. Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
5. Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi
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SULFUR SHELF FUNGUS Polyporus
BIG LAUGHING MUSHROOM Gymnophilus
PURPLE CORAL FUNGUS Clavaria RUBBER CUP FUNGUS Sarcosorna
TRUMPET CHANTARELLE Caraterellus
SCARLET HOOD Hygrophorus
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The light red coral Fungus, Ramaria
The shelf Fungus, Polyporus
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Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscariaCauses hallucinations when eaten.
A.ocreataVery poisonous
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1. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mostly marine. Mostly saprophytes.Have flagellated spores.
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2. Phylum ZygomycotaMostly terrestrial.Two types of hyphae:
Stolons – spread across the surface
Rhizoids – digs into the surface
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nuclear fusion meiosis
zygospore (2n)
spores (n) Zygospore Spore sac
mycelium develops from
germinated spore
rhizoids
stolon
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(mitosis)
contact between hyphae of two mating
strains
germinating zygospore
Diploid Stage
Haploid Stage
young zygospore
gametangia fusing
50 µm
spores (n)
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molds
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3. Phylum Ascomycota
ascospore (sexual spore)
Most are multicellular except for yeast.
Most undergo asexual reproduction.
Sac Fungi
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ascospore (sexual spore)
spore sac
spore-bearing hypha of this
ascoscarp
ascoscarp ascoscarp
conidia (chains of asexual spores)
budding yeast cell
Morels
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yeasts
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4. Phylum Basidiomycota
Major decomposers of wood.Mostly sexual reproduction.
Club Fungi
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mushrooms
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GIANT PUFFBALL
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Humongous Fungus (Honey Mushroom)
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5. Phylum Deuteromycota
Ringworm
•Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen)
•Imperfect Fungi
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Chapter 20.3Ecology of Fungi
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Mutualistic Fungi
• Some Fungi form Mutualistic relationships with other organisms:– Lichen– Mycorrhizae
H
i
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Lichens
BioindicatorsPioneer species
Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
foliose
crustose
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dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of
photobiont)
cortex (outer layer of
mycobiont)photobionts
medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae)
cortex
Crustose
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Leaf-like - foliose
Old Man’s Beard
Usnea – fructicose
Erect branching Lichen
Cladonia rangiferinafructicose
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Crustose
foliose
fructicose
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Mycorrhizae
•Fungi + plant roots
• Increases surface area
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Fungi
• Molds
– Penicillium• Penicillin
• Camembert and Roquefort cheeses
– Aspergillus• Soy sauce
• Soft drinks - citric acid
• Yeasts
– Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Bread, wine and beer
– Candida albicans• Infections
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Fungi and Humans
• Medical uses:– Penicillin
Penicillin
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Fungi and Humans
• Food:– Morels, truffels, yeast
Morel
Truffel
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Fungi and Humans
• Bioremediation – clean the environment.
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Fungi and Humans• Harmful Fungi:
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Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi
ZygomycetesRhizopus - Food spoilage
AscomycetesAjeliomyces capsulatus- Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection
Microsporium sp. Various ringworms.
Verticillium sp Plant wilt
Monilinia fructicola-
Brown Rot of Peaches
Basidiomycetes
Puccinia graminis Wheat Rust
Ustilago maydis Corn Smut