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Chapter 2: Chapter 2:
The Science of BiologyThe Science of Biology
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Scientific inquiry:Scientific inquiry:• Making observations in nature, asking
questions about these observations, and actively seeking answers to those questions
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• Data: recorded observations• Quantitative data: observations
recorded as measurements—always involve a number
• Qualitative data: descriptive data (color, sound, shape, texture etc.) – used when numerical data is impossible or difficult to obtain
• Inference: logical conclusion based on an observation; ex. if doorbell rings, then someone is at the door
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VariablesVariables
• Variable: condition that can vary in an experiment
• Independent variable:
the factor that is changed or controlled by the experimenter when testing a hypothesis
• Dependent variable:
the factor that is changed as a result of the changes made in the independent variable
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Scientific MethodScientific Method• Procedures used by biologists and other
scientists to gather information used in problem solving and experimentation
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
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ObservationObservation
• Use of the senses to gather and record information about structures or processes
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Asking a QuestionAsking a Question
• Based on observations; one or more questions are generated
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HypothesizingHypothesizing• Hypothesis: a suggested answer to a well-
defined scientific question; an educated guess• Always written as an
“if…then…” statement
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PredictingPredicting
• To test hypothesis it is necessary to make predictions that logically follows from the hypothesis
• A statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis
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TestTest• Testing a hypothesis or prediction by gathering
data under controlled conditions • Controlled experiment: experiment that tests
the effect of a single variable– it will not be influenced by the variable the other
groups are testing
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Organizing DataOrganizing Data
• Involves placing observations and measurement (data) in order– charts, tables, or maps
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Analyzing DataAnalyzing Data
• Collected and organized data must be analyzed• Graphs are frequently used to display data • Three types of graphs may be used:
– Line graphs– Bar graphs– Pie graphs
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Bar GraphsBar Graphs• X-axis: independent
variable• Y-axis: dependent
variable• Used to display
numerical data that is obtained by counting
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Line GraphsLine Graphs• X-axis: independent
variable• Y-axis: dependent
variable • Most useful for
showing trends or continuous change
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PIE GRAPHSPIE GRAPHS• Uses circle divided
into sections to display data
• Each section represents a part of the whole
• All sections placed together equal 100% of the whole
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Forming a TheoryForming a Theory
• A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true
• Supported by considerable evidence
• Ties together related hypotheses
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TermsTerms
• Evidence: collected body of data from observations and experiments
• Model: physical, mathematical, or mental representations of how people understand a process or idea
• Technology: application of scientific understanding for some specific purpose
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1. What should you do if your test does not support your hypothesis?
Revise the hypothesis or pose and test a new one.
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2. How is a prediction different from a hypothesis?A hypothesis is a possible
answer to a scientific question, while a prediction is a statement about what will happen under a specific set of conditions. Multiple predictions can be based on a single hypothesis.
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• Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?".
• Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe?".
• Controlled variables answer the question "What do I keep the same?".