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Chapter 2The Land of Georgia
Can you identify some of the regions in Georgia?
Providence Canyon Brasstown Bald
Chattahoochee River
Stone Mountain
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Physical Geography of Georgia• Georgia Landforms
– Landforms - is a land formation found on the earth’s surface
– Erosion – the wearing away of soil and rock by natural forces such as wind or rain.
• Mountains, Hills, and Plains– Elevation – the height of a land formation above sea level– Precipitation – water which reaches the earth from the
atmosphere in either solid or liquid form– Relief – the difference in elevation with a landform from
base to top.– Slope – the steepness of a landform, measured in degrees
of a circle.
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Physiographic Regions
• Physiographic provinces – is a region defined on the basis of similarities in physical geography, such as land formations, elevation, rocks, minerals, and soils.
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Coastal Plain• Coastal Plain – Georgia’s largest physiographic
province covering all of Georgia south of the Fall Line (60%). – Upper Coastal Plain– Lower Coastal Plain– Sediment – settled deposits of earth and rock caused by
water erosion– Fall Line – the line (zone) that marks the farthest inland
shoreline of the prehistoric ocean.– Zone – a region several miles wide that separates one
geographic region from another.
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Characteristics of Coastal Plain• Covers all of Georgia south of the Fall Line (60%)• Fall Line is interior boundary, and the Atlantic
Ocean is the southeastern boundary.– River travel is possible to Fall Line
• Flat, low relief; no steep hills or rocks; some wetlands; clay, sand, and limestone soil.
• Pine Barrens and the Okefenokee Swamp found here
• Peanuts, peaches and pecans – agricultural products of the Coastal Plain
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The Piedmont
• Piedmont - Georgia’s physiographic province that lies between the Fall Line to the south and the three mountain provinces of North Georgia. This hilly region stretches from central Alabama to southern New York.
• Bedrock – large areas of solid rock found just below the earth’s surface.
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Characteristics of the Piedmont
• Located between Coastal Plain and mountains in the north (30%)
• Rolling hills and valleys; about 500 feet above sea level
• Areas of solid rock; red clay soil; many streams and rivers cross the region
• Cotton, soybeans, wheat, beef and dairy, cattle, poultry, and pine trees – agricultural products
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Blue Ridge
• Blue Ridge – physiographic province stretching from northern Georgia to southern Pennsylvania that includes the highest mountains in the Appalachian Highlands.
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Characteristics of the Blue Ridge
• Located in northeast Georgia• Mountainous• High amounts of rainfall; numerous rivers start
here; high erosion rates; short growing season• Less than 1 percent prime farmland. • Brasstown Bald and beginning of the
Appalachian Trail are here.• Apples, corn, vegetables, hardwood timber
such as oak and hickory.
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Ridge and Valley
• Ridge and Valley – the physiographic province located in northwest Georgia, noted for long, often parallel ridges, separated by valleys. This province extends from central Alabama northward into Canada.
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Characteristics of Ridge and Valley
• Located in northwest Georgia between the Blue Ridge Mountain and the Appalachian Plateau regions
• Long parallel ridges of sandstone overlooking valleys; elevation from 700 to 1,600 feet above sea level
• Corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, hardwoods and pine – agricultural products.
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Plateau
• Appalachian Plateau – physiographic province of high plateaus separated by valleys, stretching from northern Alabama to central New York. About 300 square miles of northwest Georgia lie in the Plateau region.
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Characteristics of the Plateau
• Smallest region in the far northwest corner of Georgia
• Flat or gently sloping land with high relief over valleys.
• Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain are here.
• Small amounts of corn and soybeans grown here; hardwoods and pasture land – agricultural products.
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Georgia’s Coast– Estuaries – the area around a river’s mouth where fresh and salt water mix.– Tides – the daily rise and fall of the ocean caused principally by the gravitational pull
• Coastal Wetlands– Wetland – Low-lying land covered by water all or party of the time, in which special
types of plant and animal life are found. Also known as marshes and swamps.– Ecosystem – short for ecological system, it refers to a distinct, natural community of
living and nonliving things and their environment– Food Chain – a feeding pattern for living organisms where by one organisms serves
as food for another, which in turn becomes food for another, and so on.• Barrier Islands
– Barrier Islands – Chain of sea islands off Georgia’s coast that form a barrier, helping block ocean waves and wind from the mainland.
– Atlantic Intracostal Waterway – the 1,000-mile-long coastal water highway that stretches from New York to Miami, used for navigation by smaller boats.
• Continental Shelf– Continental Shelf – Large flat underwater ledge from the ocean’s shoreline to a
major drop-off, about 70 to 80 miles from the coast of Georgia.– Gulf Stream – the current of warm ocean water that flows from the Gulf of Mexico
northward along the east coast of the North America, then northeastward across the Atlantic Ocean
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Georgia’s Natural Resources• Water Resources
– Reservoirs – an artificial lake built to store and control water for such purposes as public water supply, hydroelectric production, flood control, and recreation.
– Ground Water – water that lies underground– Aquifers – water-saturated layers of the earth below the surface– Water Table – the upper limit of water-saturated soil– Artesian Aquifer – a deep aquifer in which water is trapped and held
under great pressure by denser layers of earth above and below the aquifer
– Surface Water – aboveground water stored in rivers, streams, and lakes• Georgia’s Rivers and Streams
– Characteristics of Georgia’s Rivers• Shoals – shallow river areas where the bottom is made up of sand or layers of
rock
• Georgia’s Lakes
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Rocks and Minerals• What are the three
largest mineral resources found in Georgia
• What colors are used to identify them?
• What region of Georgia are they found in?
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More info on minerals• Georgia is the world’s leading producer of Kaolin. • Before the American Revolution Kaolin was shipped to
England’s Wedgewood factory to produce pottery• Today it is used to make to make the glossy print on
books and magazines. • Georgia ranks number one in marble production – the
world’s largest open pit quarry is at Tate in Pickens County
• Marble can be used in many ways – it is crushed to be used for agricultural lime, as a filler for toothpaste and gum, cemetery headstones and monuments– One of the most famous monument is the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington D.C.
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Kaolin Mine in Sandersville, GALincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Photos of Georgia’s Minerals
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Georgia’s Weather and Climate– Weather – conditions in the atmosphere on any
given day.– Climate – Average weather conditions over a time
period of at least 25 years. • Climate and Georgia’s Development
– Precipitation• Water Cycle – the journey of water from ocean to
rainfall, its use and reuse on land, and then its return to sea.
– Hurricanes– Tornados
• http://climate.engr.uga.edu/tornado/index.html
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Georgia’s Average Annual Temperature
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Air and Ocean Currents– Current – the steady flow or movement of a large
body of air or water along a particular path• Air Currents
– Trade Winds – constant air currents at sea caused by high and low pressure areas attempting to equalize. Important for sailing ships across the Atlantic.
– Prevailing Westerlies – A pattern of winds that blow from the west to northeast. Important for sailing ships across the Atlantic.
– Jet Stream – A rapid current of air flowing between 30,000 and 40,000 feet above sea level.
• Ocean Currents