![Page 1: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood
![Page 2: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functions of Blood
________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract Hormones Heat and waste
___________ Homeostasis of body fluids
pH, temperature, osmotic pressure
_______________- from excessive blood loss & disease Clotting WBC Proteins, Ab, interferon, complement
![Page 3: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Components, Fig 19.1, table 19.1
_____________ - 55% of whole bloodWater, proteins, others
__________________- 45% RBC = erythrocytes (4.8- 5.4 million/l blood)WBC = leukocytes, 5 types, (5-10,000/ l blood)
Agranulocytes= Lymphocytes, monocytesGranulocytes= Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Platelets = thrombocytes; from megakaryocytes; (150-400,000/l)
![Page 4: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plasma, specific components
WaterSolutes
Proteins- albumin, globulins, clotting factorsAntibodies are _________________- produced during
immune responses against bacteria & viruses
Nutrients- simple sugars, amino acids, fatsElectrolytes- various saltsGases- oxygen and carbon dioxideWaste products- byproducts of metabolism:
urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bilirubin
![Page 8: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Normal blood smear
![Page 9: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Physical characteristics
Denser, more viscous than waterTemp = 38°C = 100.4°FSlightly alkaline pH = 7.35 - 7.45___________________________ is blood8% body mass_____________ (1.5 gal) in average male
4-5L (1.2 gal) in avg. ♀
![Page 10: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Formation of blood cells Fig 19.3
____________- how formed elements are made Before birth- in yolk sac of embryo In fetus- liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes Red bone marrow - 1° site last 3 months of fetal
development & continues to be thru out lifeHighly vascularizedMicroscopic spaces in spongy boneFrom pluripotent stem cellsRate of production in adulthood and becomes
predominantly yellow bone marrow
Marrow sinusoids (enlarged, leaky capillaries) circulation
![Page 11: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Red Blood Cells = Erythrocytes
General Structure: biconcave disk, 7-8 μmFunction: ____________________
Hemoglobin (Hb) – oxygen carrying protein that gives blood it’s red color, binds 4 oxygen molecules
______________- % of total blood volume that is occupied by RBCNormal range adults: ♀ 38-46%, ♂ 40-54%
Testosterone stimulates erythropoietin- hormone that stimulates RBC production
Production – new mature RBC must enter the bloodstream at least 2 million/ second to = their rate of destruction
![Page 13: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structural CharacteristicsStructural Characteristics
![Page 14: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
RBC Physiology
____________________ for oxygen transportNo nucleus, all space for oxygen storageLack mitochondria for ATP generation do not USE
any of the O2 they transportShape facilitates function
↑ surface area ↑ surface for gas diffusion
280 million Hb / RBC, each Hb can bind 4 O2120 day life–wear & tear, no nucleus no repair
Destroyed in spleen and liver & recycled ________ on plasma membrane account for
ABO blood types & Rh factor
![Page 15: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hb = 2α, 2β chains; 1 heme with Fe2+ /chain
![Page 16: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 19.5 formation & destruction
![Page 17: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Erythropoiesis Figure 19.6
Production of RBC Start in RB marrow w/ proerythroblast
Divides several timesEjects nucleus reticulocyte = immature
Loss of nucleus causes indentation
______________ pass from RB marrow to bloodstream- squeeze thru endothelial cells of capillaries called sinusoids
![Page 18: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
RBC destruction Fig. 19.5, 6
If erythropoiesis ≠ destruction, neg. feedback loop to ↑ RBC productionIf cellular oxygen is deficient = _________,
stimulates kidney to release erythropoietinHigh altitude – lower O2 content in airCirculatory problems________- # RBC or Hb content low (some causes:)
• Lack of iron• Lack of certain a.a.• Lack Vitamin B12
Breakdown & recycling at liver, spleen, or RB marrow
![Page 20: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Erythrocyte Disorders
________________ – disorder characterized by > normal hematocrit (>55%) in which hypertension, thrombosis (clot in an unbroken vessel), & hemorrahage (bleeding) can occur
Anemias- O2 carrying capacity reduced, fatigued, intolerant to cold, may appear pale: Iron deficiency Megoblastic- inadequate Vitamin B12 or folic acid Pernicious- insufficient hemopoiesis Hemorrhagic- excessive loss of RBC Hemolytic- RBC rupture prematurely Thalassemia- Hb deficiency Aplastic- destruction of RB marrow
![Page 21: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Erythrocyte disorders (2) Fig 19.14
Sickle-Cell Disease (SCD) – RBC contain Hb-S, an abnormal HbHb-S gives up oxygen to interstitial fluid it forms a
long, rod-like structure, sickle shapeSome degree of ____________Mild ____________- yellowness of skin, eyes,
membranes due to build up of bilirubinJoint, bone pain; breathlessness, rapid h.r., fever,
fatigue due to tissue damage & oxygen debt__________________
2 defective genes = severeone gene = minor problems
![Page 22: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Leukocytes = WBC Fig. 19.7, 8
Types: granular and agranularAll have nuclei, no Hb
Functions- each of 5 have specific functionsSee table 19.3
Far less numerous than RBCAvg 5-10,000 cells / μl of blood
________________________ > 10,000 cells / μl of blood• Normal protective response: microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia,
surgery________________________ < 5,000 cells / μl of blood
• Never beneficial– caused by radiation, shock, chemotherapy
Cell life = hours to few days, but T & B memory can live for many years once established
![Page 24: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Granulocytes fig 19.7, table 19.3
______________________= 60-70% Phagocytosis destruction of bacteria w/ lysozyme, defensins, & strong
oxidants______________________= 2-4%
combat histamine effects in allergic rxns phagocytize A-Ab complexes destroy certain parasitic worms
_______________ = 0.5-1% liberate heparin (prevents clotting) histamine (vasodilate, ↑perm of bv, constricts airway) serotonin in allergic rxns
![Page 27: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Agranulocytes fig 19.7, table 19.3
__________________ = 20-25%mediate immune responses- A-Ab rxns B cells develop into plasma cells, secrete AbT cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells,
transplanted tissue cellsNatural killer cells attack wide range of infectious
microbes & certain spontaneous arising tumor cells___________________ = 3-8%
Phagocytosistransform into fixed or wandering macrophages
![Page 28: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Emigration (aka diapedesis) Fig 19.8
How WBC leave bloodstreamRolling along the endothelium, stick to it, squeeze
between endothelial cellsPrecise signals stimulate, vary for different types
Adhesion molecules- ____________ tether neutrophils to endothelium & assist in movement to ECF
Neutrophils & macrophages are phagocytic_____________ -microbe secretions attract phagocytes
Neutrophils- quick responders:Lysozyme, strong oxidants, defensins- proteins that
exhibit broad range antibiotic activity bacteria & fungi
![Page 32: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Phagocytosis (in ch 22)
![Page 33: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Inflammation
![Page 34: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Immunity
State of being resistant to injury, particularly by poisons, foreign proteins, & invading pathogens______________– due to an individual’s biological
makeupAntibodies, skin, stomach acid, mucous, coughing,
enzymes in saliva & tears, skin oils ______________ – acquired due to injection of
vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens or immunoglobulins
______________ – resistance to disease or infection due to one’s immune system functioning to produce antibodies
______________ – acquired by transfer of serum from another animal produced by sensitized lymphocyte, or mother to fetus
![Page 35: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Antigen - Antibody
_____________ (A) – substance provoking immunogenicity and reactivity (react w/Ab or cells that result from immune response) On RBC = agglutinogens = glycoproteins or glycolipids Categorized the blood groups: A, B, AB, O; also Rh
____________ (Ab) - protein produced by a plasma cell to specific antigen Combine with Antigen to neutralize, inhibit or destroy it
__________________ – clumping of microorganisms or blood cells due to A-Ab rxn
![Page 38: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
MHC Antigens
Major _________________ (MHC) antigens – surface proteins on WBC & other nucleated cells that are unique to each person (except identical twins) Used for tissue typing
![Page 39: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Leukemias
group of RB marrow cancers, abnormal WBC multiply uncontrollably accumulation of cancerous WBC interferes w/production of RBC,
WBC & plateletsO2 carrying capacity , more susceptible to infection, abnormal clot
Cancerous WBC spread to lymph nodes, liver, & spleen causing enlargement
Anemia, weight loss, fever, night sweats, excessive bleeding, recurrent infections
Cause- unknown, risk factors: radiation, chemotherapy, genetic disorders, environmental factors, microbes
Acute- symptoms develop rapidly (adults or children)Chronic- take years to develop (usually just adults)
Treatment- chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, interferon, Ab, blood transfusion
![Page 41: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Platelet formation
![Page 42: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hemostasis Fig 19.11
1. _____________ – smooth muscle contraction in rxn to damage
2. ______________________ – platelets adhere, activate, liberate contents, aggregation forms plug
3. ___________________ – fibrin threads form4. ________________________ - contraction of fibrin
threads to tighten clot, release factors to strengthen5. ______________ – enzyme digests clot
Fibrinolytic system – dissolves small inappropriate clots Streptokinase – first thromolytic agent for dissolving clots in
coronary arteries, approved 1982
![Page 43: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Coagulation time
Time required for blood to coagulate, 2-6 minCan be prolonged due to the following:
__________________ – X chromosome linked disorder resulting in deficiency of clotting factor VIII (type A) or deficiency of factor XI (type B & C)Spontaneous or traumatic subcutaneous intramuscular
hemorrahaging, nose bleeds, blood in urineObstructive jaundice – obstructing bile flowSome anemias and leukemiasSome of infectious diseases
![Page 44: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Blood typing Fig 19.12-19.14
Human Blood Groups ABO Blood GroupsRh Blood Groups
Transfusion rxns: Agglutination Hemolysis
Blood Typing Table 19.5 - frequency of typesTable 19.6 - group interactions
![Page 55: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Transfusion
RBC only or blood plasma only is transferred into the bloodstream or directly into red bone marrow
INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD TYPE: Agglutination rxn – recipient’s ____________bind to the _____________A-Ab complex activate plasma proteins to the
complement family Make the plasma membrane of donated cells leaky_________________ – rupture of cells, loss of Hb
![Page 59: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Rh factor Fig 19.13
Antigen discovered in Rhesus monkeyRh+ have antigen, Rh- do NOT have antigenNormally, plasma does not contain anti-Rh Ab
If Rh- person receives Rh+ transfusion immune system will start to make anti-Rh Ab that will remain in blood. Problem: _____________ of Rh+ occurs later, Anti-Rh Ab that have been building can cause agglutination of donated blood hemolysis
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)- if fetal blood (Rh+) leaks across placenta, exposure to Rh-A mother (Rh-) making anti-Rh, prob – 2nd baby RH+
![Page 62: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Functions of Blood ________________ Oxygen from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells Nutrients from GI tract](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e355503460f94b24232/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)