Download - Chapter 18: Waves and Energy Transfer
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Chapter 18: Waves and Energy Transfer
Catch the Wave!
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18.1 Wave Properties
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California Standards
4a. Students know waves carry energy from one place to another.
4. Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave. As a basis for understanding this concept:
4b. Students know how to identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, such as springs and ropes, and on the earth (seismic waves).
4c. Students know how to solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.
4f. Students know how to identify the characteristic properties of waves: interference (beats), diffraction, refraction, Doppler effect, and polarization.
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18.1 Objectives
Contrast transverse and longitudinal waves.
Identify how waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
Relate wave speed, wavelength, and frequency.
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Waves: Friends or Foes?
Have you ever watched surfing or done it yourself? Ocean waves can be loads of fun. But at the same time they are very dangerous. You do not want waves to be too big. The Tsunami in Indonesia reminds us of that.
Ocean waves contain energy. But where does it come from? Normal weather creates the winds that make normal sized waves. Storms, monsoons, and hurricanes, create the stronger winds that make larger waves. Earthquakes can make wave disturbances that can catapult water several miles inland.
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Ocean Waves
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Concept Development Map
Wave
Middle English: wagen = in motion; restlessEnglish: Wag - to move
Related words:Wavering, wavy
To move one way and then the other, to and fro. To vacillate. To shake or vibrate. Curve up and then curve down.
DefinitionsApplications
Pendulum: String and ball
Spring: Spring and weight
Liquids: Ocean waves
Sound: Voice, music
What is it?A “wiggle in space and time”; a disturbance propagated from one place to another with no actual transport of matter.
ExamplesBanners wavering in the wind..
Do the wave.
“New wave” music.Microwaves, Light
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Concept Development Map
Transverse
Latin: trans (across) + versus (to turn); a line that crosses an axis line
Geometry: A transversal line crosses two or more parallel lines.
To vibrate across the direction of travel.
DefinitionsApplications
Jump Rope Waves
Spring and weight: Gravity
Ocean waves are L+T
Earthquakes S-waves
What is it?A wave in which the individual particles of a medium vibrate from side to side perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels.
Examples
Transverse a desert. Geometry: Transversal.
Audience Wave
Medical: Transverse muscles/arteries.
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Concept Development Map
Longitudinal
Latin: longitude longus = long; extending in length
Geo: Longitude is distance parallel to the prime meridian.
To vibrate in the direction of travel. A “longitudinal” is a railway sleeper lying parallel to the rail.
DefinitionsApplications
Sound Waves
Spring: Compressions
Ocean waves are L+T
Earthquakes P-waves
What is it?A wave in which the individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth in the direction in which the wave travels.
Examples
Ships: Longitudinal framing. Railraod: Longitudinal sleeper.
Ultrasound
Geography: Longitude.
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What is a Wave?
A wave is a rhythmic disturbance that carries energy through matter or space. Waves transfer ENERGY only, not matter.
Wave Pulse - A single disturbance traveling through a medium. A medium is the material through which the wave travels.
Continuous Wave - A continuous disturbance is generated from a source that travels through a medium.
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Mechanical Waves
Transverse Wave - The disturbance vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave travel (TRANS = Across). The simplest example is achieved by shaking a rope up and down.
Longitudinal Wave - The disturbance vibrates parallel to the direction of wave travel (LONGITUDINAL = Along direction of travel). The simplest example is achieved by the squeeze and release of a coiled spring.
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Anatomy of a Wave
Anatomy of a waveAmplitude and Wavelength
Wave Parts: w/ Frequency
A node is where there is no movement. Can you see it?
A crest is the highest point. A trough is the lowest point.
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Anatomy of a Wave
A node is where there is no movement. Can you see it?
A crest is the highest point. A trough is the lowest point.
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Anatomy of a Wave
The wavelength of a wave is the shortest distance between repeating points of the wave (i.e. crest to crest, trough to trough).
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Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
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Longitudinal/Transverse Demo
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Wave Speed
Wave Speed - The distance a wave travels in a given time. It is given as the frequency times the wavelength.
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18.2 Waves Behavior
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18.2 Objectives
Describe how waves are reflected and refracted at boundaries between media, and explain how waves diffract.
Relate a wave’s speed to the medium in which the wave travels.
Apply the principle of superposition to the phenomenon of interference.
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Incidence and Reflection
Incident Wave - The wave that strikes the boundary, the incoming wave.
Reflected Wave - The wave that returns from the boundary, the returning wave.
Inverted Wave - Often the reflected wave is inverted (upside down) by the boundary if it is a wall.
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Reflected and Inverted Waves
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Superposition and Interference
Destructive Interference - The superposition of waves with displacements in the opposite direction.
Constructive Interference - The superposition of waves with displacement in the same direction.
Principle of Superposition - The algebraic sum of the displacements of the waves. If we superimpose several waves on top of each other, like when you stack transparencies, then add the values a each x-axis position, you get a combined wave.
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Superposition
Wave Superposition
Simple Wave Superposition
More Wave Superposition
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Standing Wave
Standing Waves - A wave with stationary nodes and antinodes.
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Standing Waves Demo
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Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction
Reflection - to bend or return back. The change in the direction of a wave at a surface. There is a returning wave that is either inverted or displaced in the same direction as the incident wave.
Refraction - to break or impair. The change in direction of a wave crossing a boundary between two different media. The different wave speed of the two media causes the bending. There is no returning wave.
Diffraction - to bend, break. The bending of waves around a barrier. The spreading of waves as they pass through a hole, slot, or slit. There is no returning wave.
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Reflection
Reflection - (Re= again) to bend or return back. The change in the direction of a wave at a surface. There is a returning wave that is either inverted or displaced in the same direction as the incident wave. It is like “seeing it again”.
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∠incidence =∠reflection
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Refraction
Refraction - to break or impair. The change in direction of a wave crossing a boundary between two different media. The different wave speed of the two media causes the bending. There is no returning wave.
Refraction Demo
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Diffraction
Diffraction - to bend, break. The bending of waves around a barrier. The spreading of waves as they pass through a hole, slot, or slit. There is no returning wave.
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Tacoma Narrows Bridge
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Wwwhhhaaattt Happened?
What do you think happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge?
This is an example of Bernoulli’s Principle leading to oscillations (waves). The large vertical plates oscillated due to the wind passing by. By Bernoulli’s Principle, the wind created pressure differences above and below the vertical plates. This was transformed to wave motion (oscillations).
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Wave Examples
Spring Wave - An oscillating spring is a longitudinal wave. It moves in ONE dimension (1D).
Water Wave - An ocean wave has properties of both longitudinal and transverse waves. It moves in TWO dimensions (2D).
Sound Wave - A sound wave is a longitudinal wave. It moves in THREE dimensions (3D).