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Chapter 16
Early Mesozoic
Era
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Guiding Questions• What groups of animals were conspicuous in
Triassic and Jurassic seas?
• What kinds of plants played major roles on land in early Mesozoic time?
• Why did dinosaurs replace therapsids as the dominant vertebrate animals on land?
• What groups of vertebrate animals evolved the ability to fly during early Mesozoic time?
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145 Million years
202 Million years
251 Million years
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Early Mesozoic • Bounded by mass
extinctions
• Recovery from Permian mass extinction of:– Fusulinids– Lacy bryozoans– Rugose corals– Trilobites
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Early Mesozoic Life• Mollusks are
abundant– Ammonoids
• 2 genera diversity to 100
– Stromatolites returned to shallow water
– Bivalves abundant– Sea urchins
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Early Mesozoic Life
• Reefs– Hexacorals– Dominant reef
builder– Some resemble
rugose corals
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Early Mesozoic Life• Pelagic Realm
– Dinoflagellates– Calcareous
nannofossils– Ammonoids
• Rapid evolution• 1 million year
range
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Early Mesozoic Life• Belemnoids
– Squid-like relatives of Ammonoids
• Ammonoids were important guide fossils
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Early Mesozoic Life• Fishes
- More modern - Scales covered bodies
- Skeletons of cartilage - Simple Jaws
- Peg-like teeth
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Early Mesozoic Life• Marine reptiles
– Placodonts• Blunt-toothed shell
crushers
• Broad armored bodies
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Early Mesozoic Life• Marine reptiles
– Nothosaurs• Early Triassic
• May be first marine reptiles
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Early Mesozoic Life• Plesiosaurs
– Evolved from nothosaurs
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Early Mesozoic Life• Ichthyosaurs
– Fish lizards– Bore live young
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Tree-forming Gymnosperms
– Cycads– Cycadeoids– Ginkgos
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Mesozoic forests
looked very different from modern forests
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Early Mammals
– Mammals evolved from therapsids
• Small
• Thecodonts– Dinosaur ancestors
– Upper portion of legs extended downward rather than sprawling
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Thecodont
descendents– Dinosaurs
• Bipedal
• Different skull
• More highly developed teeth
– Crocodiles
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Dinosaur evolution
– Bird- hipped• Herbivores
– Lizard-hipped• Herbivores
• Carnivores
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Sauropods
– Largest of all dinosaurs
• Morrison Formation
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Allosaurus
– Largest carnivore
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land
• Pterosaurs– Long wings– Hollow bones– Flight
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Early Mesozoic Life on Land• Archaeopteryx
• Missing link– Feathered– Breastbone
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Paleogeography• Pangaea began to separate
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Paleogeography• Tethys seaway formed
– Site of modern Mediterranean
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Paleogeography
• Rifting began first in north, then spread south
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Paleogeography• Salt domes
– Thick evaporites built up in modern Gulf of Mexico
– Formed salt domes• Petroleum reserves
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Triassic Mass Extinction• Global warming
– Volcanic activity released high volumes of CO2
– Number of leaf stomates increased• Cells that utilize CO2
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Tectonic Events in Eastern U.S.• Rifting created fault basins
– Evaporites accumulated as seawater leaked into basin
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Tectonic Events in Eastern U.S.• Basins
– Filled with clastic sediments
– Arkose rich• Rapid deposition
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Tectonic Events in Eastern U.S.
• Palisades Sill– Mafic intrusion
associated with rifting
– Near New York City
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.
• Petrified Forest– Chinle formation– Utah and
Arizona
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.• Sundance Sea
– Global sea level rose
– Pacific flooded western U.S.
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.
• Grew by accretion of exotic terrane– Island arc terranes
• Accreted Golconda Arc
– Microplates• Accreted Sonomia
– Southeastern Oregon
– Northern California and Nevada
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.• Accretion
– Golconda Arc– Sonomia
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.• Subduction led to
intrusions
– Sierra Nevada batholiths
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.• Additional
accretion– Accretionary wedge– Franciscan rocks– Great Valley
turbidites
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Tectonic Events in Western U.S.
• Sundance Sea– Retreated as it filled
with sediments– No flysch
deposition– Significant molasse
• Morrison Formation
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Dinosaurs• Morrison
Formation– Excavation of
dinosaur fossils
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Dinosaurs
• Parasauralophus– 3 m long– Resonating
chamber in the head
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Dinosaurs
• Maiosaura hatchling– 50 cm long
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Dinosaurs
• Oviraptor– Egg stealer– small at 0.7 m in
size
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Dinosaurs• Protoarchtopterix
– Precursor of feathers
– 60 cm in size
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Dinosaurs• Protoarchaeopteryx
– Fossilized tail feathers
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