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CHAPTER 14FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES
p. 394
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All are vertebrates and belong to the Phylum Chordata “chordates”To be a chordate,
certain characteristics must be present at sometime during its life.
1)Notochord (p.395)
- a rod-like piece of cartilage that runs along the dorsal side.
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- it is present in humans during early development.
- it turns into the backbone.
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- some have a notochord their entire life. (not vertebrates).
Example 1: tunicate
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Example 2: lancelet
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2)nerve chord- turns into the
spinal cord.- carries
messages from the brain.
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3)gill slits (pharanygeal pouches)
- openings in the throat area.- found in all vertebrates during the embryo stage.
- turns into lungs.
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All vertebrates have an endoskeleton.
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Most vertebrates are ectotherms.
- “cold-blooded”
- their temperature changes with the environment.
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Endotherms maintain a constant temperature.
- “warm-blooded”
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FISH- 30,000 different
species.
- three classes.
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1) Class Agnatha “jawless fish” p. 402
- simplest vertebrates.
- no jaw - has a ‘sucker’ mouth.
- it sucks the fluids out of its host.
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-their skeletons are made of cartilage - no real bones - very flexible.Ex. Lampreys- attack
healthy fish.- live in the
Great Lakes (invasive species).
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Ex. Hagfish (p. 402)- attacks dying or
dead fish.
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2) Class Chondrichthyes (p. 402)- are the
cartilaginous fish.Ex. sharks, rays,
skates.
- have skeletons made of cartilage.
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They have traits of ‘advanced’ fish.- scales
- sharp and pointy.- not round.- ‘hydrodynamic’
- jaws
- can ‘unhinge’.
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Sharks
- most are not dangerous but are efficient predators.
- replaceable teeth that slant inwards.
- sense of smell
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Largest =Whale shark
(45 feet long)
‘Meanest’ =
Great White
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- sharks can reproduce sexually in three different ways.
1) young are born ‘live’.
2) lays eggs
3) eggs ‘hatch’ inside the female.
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More sharks…
Thresher Shark Goblin Shark
Basking Shark Sawtooth Shark
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More Cartilage Fish
Manta Ray
Skate
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North Dakota Chondrichthyes
Paddlefish Sturgeon
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3) Class Osteichthyes “bony fish”
- largest class of fish. (95%)
Three groups:
1) lung fish
- have simple lungs and gills.
ex. African lungfish
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2) lobe-finned
- fins attach to the skeleton.
Ex. coelacanth
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3) ray-finned
- paired fins with long bony spines.
- largest group.
Ex. walleye, perch, salmon.
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ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET‘FISH’
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Features of a Bony Fish
lateral line
- runs along the side of the fish.
- can sense vibrations and electrical currents.
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gills
- water passes over the gills and they extract oxygen.
- release CO2
- many tiny blood vessels.
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operculum
- a bony plate which covers the gills.
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swim bladder- controls buoyancy.- fills with air to rise.
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- no eyelids!
- two chambered heart.
- reproduces sexually.
- nostrils
- a strong sense of smell.
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- have a complete digestive system.
- stomach, liver, intestines…
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WHICH CLASS OF FISH?MantaClass Chondrichthyes
Northern
Class Osteichthyes
Lamprey
Class Agnatha
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READ “Origins of Fish” p. 406
ASSIGNMENT
WORKSHEET:“GO FISH”
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Class Amphibia “Amphibians” p. 407
Ex. frogs, toads
2,500 different species.
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Amphibians must live near water.- keep skin
moist.- to reproduce
(lay eggs)
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Many amphibians in Minnesota have been found with deformities in recent years.
- linked to the use of pesticides.
- can easily be absorbed thru their skin.
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Amphibians are ectothermic.- during winter months they
become inactive- slowed metabolism.- called hibernation.
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- some become inactive when temperatures are too hot or when water is scarce.
- bury themselves underground.
- called estivation.
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Amphibians need a strong endoskeleton to support their body while on land.
- they have a three chambered heart.
- more advanced than fish.
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Frogs (p. 409)
- have lungs but can stay under for long periods of time.- can absorb oxygen through their skin.
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- have hinged joints
- reproduce sexually
- lay eggs in water.
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Hundreds of different species and sizes- colors are
often “bright”-poisonous
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Toads- can spend more time
out of the water.
- skin is ‘bumpier’
- doesn’t dry out.
- but must return to water to reproduce.
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Salamanders
- often confused with lizards.- smooth skin (no scales).- amphib with a tail.
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Caecilians
- a legless, blind amphibian found in rain forests
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AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS
- the change in form from egg to adult.
p. 412
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egg
- have gills- must stay in water.
- develops legs.- tail is absorbed.- begins eating insects
- protein speeds up the process.
tadpole
adult
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Usually takes 4 - 6 weeks.
- warm water and plenty of food will increase the speed of metamorphosis.
- but can take years…
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ASSIGNMENT
WORKSHEET:‘AMPHIBIANS’
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Class Reptilia ‘Reptiles’ p. 412Ex. turtle, snakes,
alligator.- they do not have
to return to water.1) scales
- keep moisture in.
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2) hard shell - amniotic egg- more durable.
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All* reptiles have claws.
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Reptiles have a three chambered heart.
- provides more oxygen to the body.
- have lungs- are land organisms.
READ ‘Importance and Origin of Reptiles’ (p. 417).
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Lizards- most are small.
- but the Komodo Dragon can be 10 feet long.
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- most lizards are harmless.
- many eat insects.
- some are venomous.
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More lizards…
Gila Monster Fringed Lizard
Zebra Lizard
Gecko
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Alligators
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Snakes- reptiles without
legs.- can unhinge
their jaw.- to swallow
large prey.
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- some are venomous.
Rattlesnake Coral Snake
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Some reptiles have shown maternal care.
- the mother protects the eggs and the young after they hatch.
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Reptiles are more advanced and survivable than amphibians.
- water is the greatest limiting factor.
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ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET‘ECTOTHERM REVIEW’