![Page 1: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 11 Slides
![Page 2: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 11 Punchline
• Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed states.” The properties of chemical species are best understood through the interactions between neighboring molecules (Intermolecular Forces).
2
![Page 3: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Part 1: The Phases of MatterCollege Chem I Definition
3
![Page 4: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Compressibility
4Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 5: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phases of Matter
• Understand properties of the phases of matter on a molecular level.
• Phase is really about how the molecules are able to move– Degrees of Freedom
1. Translational– Gas and Liquid
2. Rotational– Gas and Liquid
3. Vibrational– Gas and Liquid and Solid
5
![Page 6: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Solids• The particles in a solid are packed close
together and are fixed in position
– though they may vibrate
• The close packing of the particles results in solids being incompressible
• The inability of the particles to move around results in solids retaining their shape and volume when placed in a new container, and prevents the solid from flowing
6Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 7: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Liquids• The particles in a liquid are closely
packed, but they have some ability to move around
• The close packing results in liquids being incompressible
• But the ability of the particles to move allows liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow – however, they don’t have enough freedom to escape or expand to fill the container
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 8: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Gases• Kinetic Molecular Theory• In the gas state, the particles have
complete freedom of motion and are not held together
• The particles are in constant motion, bumping into each other and the walls of the container
• There is a large amount of space between the particles– compared to the size of the particles– Low density– compressible
![Page 9: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Competition of forces
9
• Which phase a material is in depends largely on two major factors that are in competition with each other
1. the amount of kinetic energy the particles possess (Increases with increase in heat) (Forces the molecules apart)
2. the strength of attraction between the particles (Holds together)
(called Intermolecular forces)
![Page 10: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. Kinetic Energy
• Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles.
• The more kinetic energy the molecules have, the larger the intermolecular force they can overcome.
10Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 11: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2. Intermolecular Forces• The particles are attracted to each other by
electrostatic forces
• The strength of the attractive forces varies, depending on the molecule’s structure
• The stronger the attractive forces between the particles, the more they resist moving– Meaning, if the Intermolecular forces are strong, it
takes lots of kinetic energy to pull the molecules apart.
11
![Page 12: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Why Are Molecules Attracted to Each Other?
• Intermolecular attractions are due to attractive forces between opposite charges
• Larger charge = stronger attraction
• Longer distance = weaker attraction
• However, these attractive forces are small relative to the bonding forces between atoms– generally smaller charges
– generally over much larger distances
12Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 13: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Explain phases based on IMF and KE
• What do the movements of the molecules in these phases tell you about the competition between these forces? Which is “winning”?
13
![Page 14: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Explain phases based on IMF and KE
IMF
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Kinetic EnergyWhat do the movements of the molecules in these phases tell you about the competition between these forces? Which is “winning”?
14
![Page 15: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phase Changes
15Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 16: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Causing a Phase Change with Pressure Change
• Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases assumes that when gas molecules collide, they have ZERO interaction with each other.
• This is usually a reasonable assumption because a “gas is like Kansas”– The distance between molecules is very large
• When you compress a gas, the space between the particles becomes much less, the intermolecular forces become larger.– Coulomb’s Law
16
![Page 17: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Liquefying a Gas
17Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 18: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Boiling Point and Melting Point
• The strength of the attractions between the particles of a substance determines its state
• The stronger the attractive forces are, the higher will be the boiling point of the liquid and the melting point of the solid
18
IMF
IMF
Boiling Point
![Page 19: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Part 4: Intermolecular Forces
• Ion-Dipole
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Dipole-Dipole
• Dispersion
19
Same principle as ionic bonds, BUT much weaker than bonds:1. Distance between charges2. Smaller charges
![Page 20: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dispersion Forces• Fluctuations in the electron distribution in atoms and
molecules result in a temporary dipole
• The temporary dipole induces a dipole in surrounding molecules.
20Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 21: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Noble gases are all
nonpolar atomic elements
As the molar mass increases,
the number of electrons
increases.
(The electron cloud gets
larger)
Effect of Molecular Sizeon Size of Dispersion Force
The stronger the attractive
forces between the molecules,
the higher the boiling point will
be.21
![Page 22: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Effect of Molecular Shapeon Size of Dispersion Force
22Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 23: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dipole–Dipole Force• Polar molecules have a permanent dipole
• The permanent dipole adds to the attractive forces between the molecules– raising the boiling and melting points relative to nonpolar
molecules of similar size and shape
23
![Page 24: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Effect of Dipole–Dipole Attraction on Boiling and Melting Points
24Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 25: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
H-Bonding
HF
26Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 27: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
H-Bonding in Water
27Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 28: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonding (ice)
28
![Page 29: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Bigger Picture:Guanine and Cytosine
29
![Page 30: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ion-Dipole Forces
30
![Page 31: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Comparing Types of IMF
Note that the strength increase is relative. You must compare molecules of similar molecular mass and shape!
31
![Page 32: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Part 5: Properties of Matter that are affected by IMF
• Boiling Point/Melting Point
• Surface Tension
• Viscosity
• Capillary Action
• Vapor Pressure
32
![Page 33: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Boiling Point/Melting Point
• Stronger Intermolecular forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
33
![Page 34: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
or
Practice – Choose the substance in each pair with the higher boiling point
a)CH2FCH2F CH3CHF2
b)
34Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
![Page 35: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Practice – Choose the substance in each pair with the higher boiling point
more polara)CH2FCH2F CH3CHF2
b)
35
or
polar nonpolar
![Page 36: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
a) CH3OH CH3CHF2
b) CH3-O-CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2NH2
Practice – Choose the substance in each pair that is a liquid at room temperature (the other is a gas)
can H-bond
can H-bond
36
![Page 37: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Surface Tension
37
![Page 38: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Viscosity
Stronger IMF
More Viscous
38
![Page 39: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Capillary Action
Adhesive force vs. cohesive force
39
![Page 40: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vapor Pressure
40
![Page 41: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Evaporation
When a molecule escapes into the gas phase, it takes its portion of the KE with it.
The rest of the KE is redistributed, but if the lost energy is not replaced by the surroundings, the overall temperature will decrease.
41
![Page 42: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Vapor Pressure with Lids
42
![Page 43: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Vapor Pressure and Temperature
Increasing the temperature increases the number of molecules with enough KE to escape the liquid phase, so the vapor pressure always increases.
Note that the trend is NOT linear.
43
![Page 44: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
44
![Page 45: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Part 6: Phase Diagrams and Phases of Matter
• A phase diagram is like a map that shows the stable phase at all pressure/temperature combinations
• The boundary lines indicate a combination of P and T where 2 phases exist in equilibrium
• Be able to draw and label a basic phase diagram and navigate one.
45
![Page 46: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Part 6: Phase Diagrams and Phases of Matter
Check out the fusion curve!
Although not common, water is actually more dense as a liquid than a solid, so the slope of the fusion curve has a negative slope.
46
![Page 47: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Supercritical fluid
47
![Page 48: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Heating Curves
• Allows you to calculate the heat energy put into or removed from a system• Allows you to calculate what temperature a sample is at after heating or
cooling.• When you encounter one of these problems, you should always DRAW the
heating curve… It makes things MUCH easier to see!
48
![Page 49: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Part 7: Crystalline Solids
49
![Page 50: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Part 7: Crystalline Solids
50
![Page 51: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Part 7: Crystalline Solids
51
![Page 52: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Examples of Crystal Structures
52
![Page 53: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Phase Diagram for Sulfur
53
The above is more squished both in angles and lengths.
![Page 54: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
![Page 55: Chapter 11 Slides - UCAfaculty.uca.edu/kdooley/su2014_chem1451_chapter_11_slides.pdfChapter 11 Slides. Chapter 11 Punchline •Solids and Liquids are know as the “condensed ... 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030503/5ab084837f8b9a22118e86a6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55