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Psychology of LearningEXP4404
Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting
Dr. Steve
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Topics Covered
Stage Model of Memory
Semantic Models of Memory
Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders
Applications of Memory Research
Memory Strategies
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Stage Model of Memory
D e c a y
Di s pl a c em en t
R e t r i ev al F ai l ur e
R eh e ar
s al
Atkinson & Shiffrin
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Sensory Memory
Stage Model of Memory
Sperling
experimentdemonstratesthat . . .
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Short Term Memory
Encoding Storage
Retrieval
Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Stage Model of Memory
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Encoding and Remembering
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Shallow
Deep
Von Restorff Effect
Stage Model of Memory
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Nondeclarative Memory
Procedural Memory
Stage Model of Memory
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Semantic Network Models
Hierarchical Networks
RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)
Animal•Has skin•Can move around•Eats•Breaths
Bird Fish•Has fins•Can swim•Has gills
•Has wings•Can fly•Has feathers
Canary•Can sing•Is yellow Penguin
•Is black & white•Can’t fly Shark
•Can bite•Is dangerous Salmon
•Is pink•
Is edible•Swimsupstream
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Spreading Activation
Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .
Demonstrated with priming effect experiments
Semantic Network Models
spoon
fork
knife
toolssaw
hands arms
fingers toes
hammer
nails
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Semantic Models
Category Clustering
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Forgetting
Ebbinghaus
Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)
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Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting
Decay Theory
Interference
Proactive
Retroactive
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Forgetting
Variables affecting interference:
Meaningfulness of material
Similarity of material
Time between learning and recall
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Memory Disorders
Amnesia
May be caused by damage to the limbic system(specifically Hippocampus).
Case of HM –
Suffered from:
Moderate retrograde amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia
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Memory Disorders
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Case of 59 yr old man
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Applications: Foraging
Organisms may be less likely to forgetinformation when it is important for survival
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Applications: Eyewitness
Testimony
Loftus & Palmer
Believed memories were reconstructed each time they areaccessed
Study:
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Cue-Dependent Forgetting(EncodingSpecificity)
State-Dependent Learning
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Fatigue
Consolidation
Differential Encoding Hypothesis
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Method of Loci
First noted as technique by ancient Greeks
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Keyword Technique
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Memory Techniques and Strategies
Other Mnemonics
Musical staff
Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions
I before E, except after C
30 days has November, April, June, and September
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Pegword
To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter,soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)
One is a bun – egg resting on a bun
Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple
Three is a tree – a butter tree
Four is a door – coke logo on a door
Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta
Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick
Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings
Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes
Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine
Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Chunking
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Memory Techniques and
Strategies
Narrative Chaining
Make a story with the following word list:
Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie
Amazing Feats of Memory Video