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CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE AND CHARACTER OF
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARD
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Hazards In general sense, hazards fall into
three classes: Natural Man-accentuated Man-made
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Man-made / Man-accentuated
We can all name a major environmental disaster/hazard making newsBhopal Love CanalThree-Mile Island Times BeachMinamata Bay ChernobylTirana
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Man-made / Man-accentuated, contBut, how often does it make news:
- how Bob Sirk cleans up after spilling oil or anti-freeze on his driveway- herbicide or insecticide washing into our lakes; streams; rivers- pounds of hydrocarbons enter rivers or lakes each time you use your boat or jetski
Do we even recognize these as tech hazards?
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Technological HazardsDr. Susan Cutter, expert in the
field of hazards and perception offers:- “… the interaction of technology, society and the environment”- “… arise from our individual and collective
use of technology”- “... are often more pervasive and less publicly recognized than natural hazards - “… do not provide visual or auditory clues to their on-set
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Technological Hazards, cont
Tech hazards are geographic because they have both location and distribution… they have geophysical risk and social vulnerability--- may be variable with physical environment--- may be variable with culture and economic standing--- often pose unique management problems--- place greater emphasis on scientific community / environmental regulators for
response--- “Science as a demi-god”
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Technological Hazards, cont
They are products of our society and cannot be studied outside the context in which they occur--- level of society / societal perceptions define conceptualization and response to hazard
--- “… the public’s response… is often ambiguous, resulting in over- reactions, under-reactions, or no reactions”
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Technological Hazards, cont
Risk that an activity may be harmful is always present, but until a society determines an activity is negatively impacting – the activity is not a tech hazard
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Technological Hazards, cont
“hazardousness” and “vulnerability” are not well understood
Interesting: for the most part, vulnerable populations, do not occupy the most hazardous locations
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Technological Hazards, cont
For physical and geographical landscapes geography:(1) reducing risk(2) detecting threats(3) reducing vulnerability to
threat(4) improve response to threat
(adapted from Cutter, ed.)
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RISK, HAZARD, TOXICITY
Though they may be related by definition, and applied interchangeably, these concepts are not interchangeable
We need to remind ourselves of the differences
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Toxic / ToxicityToxic generally refers to a narrow
group of substances that are poisonous and cause death or serious injury to organisms by interfering with normal body physiology
Toxicity toxins of sufficient quantity to pose a threat to human or environmental health[defined a form of chemical hazard]
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Hazard
Broad term, refers to all dangerous materials (including toxic ones) that present an immediate or long-term human or environmental threat
A danger throughout material “lifespan”
Production-Utilization-Waste ByProduct-Disposal
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Hazard, cont
Classes:(1) cultural(2) physical * and ones we will be dealing with*(3) biological
--- blends natural and technological
--- closest to being man-manipulated
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Hazard, cont
Currently generating the greatest concerns
(4) chemicalcharacterized by:
(a) ignitability(b) corrosiveness(c) reactivity
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Risk
Measure of the likelihood of a hazardous event occurring
The probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, or environmental damage
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Risk, cont
freq. of event/total no. of possible events
Risk Assessment (risk-benefit analysis)… the Desirability Quotient (DQ)
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Hazards management - employs strategies to reduce and mitigate the effects of hazards on society and the environment
Risk assessment – estimation and quantification of risk in order to establish acceptable levels of risk to society--- risk / social benefit may be viewed as a
decay curve--- decision making must balance many elements
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Old vs New Hazards
I’m a little unclear about the point of this section *
Tech hazards are related to industrial development and the use of science
They are not particularly new phenomena
What are “new” are toxic torts
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