![Page 1: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chap. 3 Life in Water
鄭先祐 (Ayo)靜宜大學 生態學系
Ayo 台南站: http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
Email add: [email protected]
![Page 2: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline Hydrologic Cycle ( 水文循環 ) Deep Blue Sea ( 深藍海 ) Shallow Marine Waters ( 淺海水 ) Marine Shores ( 海岸 ) Estuaries, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove Forests
( 河口,鹽澤,紅樹林 ) Rivers and Streams ( 河流與溪流 ) Lakes ( 湖泊 )
![Page 3: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
The Hydrologic Cycle Over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
by water: Oceans contain 97%. Polar ice caps and glaciers contain 2%. Freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground
water make up less than 1%.
![Page 4: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
The Hydrologic Cycle Distribution of water is not static:
Heat Evaporation Clouds Precipitation
Evaporation Consumed by organisms Groundwater Surface water
![Page 5: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Hydrologic Cycle Turnover time is the time required for the
entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed. Atmosphere 9 days Rivers 12-20 days Oceans 3,100 years
![Page 7: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Oceanic Circulation
![Page 8: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Deep Blue Sea - Geography The Pacific is the largest ocean basin with a
total area of nearly 180 million km2. Gulf of California Gulf of Alaska Bering Sea Sea of Okhotsk Sea of Japan China Sea Tasman Sea Coral Sea
![Page 9: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Deep Blue Sea - Geography The Atlantic is the second largest basin with
a total area of over 106 million km2. Mediterranean Black Sea North Sea Baltic Sea Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea
![Page 10: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Deep Blue Sea - Geography The Indian is the smallest basin with an area
of just under 75 million km2. Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea
![Page 11: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Deep Blue Sea - Geography
Average Depth Pacific - 4,000 m Atlantic - 3,900 m Indian - 3,900 m
Undersea Trenches ( 海溝 ) Marianas - 10,000 m deep
Would engulf Mt. Everest with 2 km to spare.
![Page 12: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Deep Blue Sea - Structure Littoral Zone (intertidal zone): Shallow shoreli
ne. Neritic Zone( 淺海區 ): Coast to margin of conti
nental shelf.
![Page 13: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Deep Blue Sea - Structure Oceanic Zone: Beyond continental shelf.
Epipelagic 0 - 200 m Mesopelagic 200 - 1,000 m Bathypelagic 1,000 - 4,000 m Abyssal 4,000 - 6,000 m Hadal 6,000 + m
Benthic( 海底的 ): Habitat on bottom of ocean. Pelagic( 遠洋的 ): Habitat off the bottom of the
ocean.
![Page 14: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Deep Blue Sea - Physical Conditions
Light Approximately 80% of solar energy striking the
ocean is absorbed in first 10 m. Very little, if any penetrates past 600 m.
Leaves approximately 3,400 m of deep black water with only light produced by bioluminescence.
![Page 15: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Deep Blue Sea - Physical Conditions
Temperature Sunlight increases velocity of water.
Rapid motion decreases density, thus warm water floats on top of cooler water.
Thermocline: Layer of water through which temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Creates thermal stratification.
![Page 16: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Deep Blue Sea - Physical Conditions Water Movements
Oceans are never still. Wind-driven surface currents across open ocean
create gyres( 旋迴 ) that move right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Deepwater currents cause upwelling ( 湧昇流 ).
![Page 17: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Deep Blue Sea - Chemical Conditions
Salinity In the open ocean, salinity varies from about 34 ppt to
36.5 ppt. Lowest salinity occurs near equator where precipit
ation exceeds evaporation. Highest salinity occurs in subtropics where evapor
ation exceeds precipitation.
![Page 18: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Deep Blue Sea - Chemical Conditions
Oxygen A liter of air contains about 200 ml of oxygen at
sea level, while a liter of seawater contains a maximum of 9 ml of oxygen.
Typically concentration is highest near ocean surface, and decreases with depth.
Minimum usually < 1,000m.
![Page 19: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Deep Blue Sea - Biology Photosynthetic organisms are limited to
upper epipelagic zone (euphotic zone). Phytoplankton and zooplankton. Due to size, oceans contribute ¼ of total
photosynthesis in the bioshpere. Chemosynthesis occurs near undersea hot
springs.
![Page 20: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Deep Blue Sea - Human Influences For most of human history, vastness of
oceans has acted as a buffer against human intrusion.
New human-induced threats: Overharvesting Dumping
![Page 21: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Shallow Marine Waters Reef Categories
Fringing reefs: Hug shore of continents. Barrier reefs: Stands between open sea and
lagoon. Coral atolls: Coral inlets built up from
submerged ocean island. Kelp Beds
Structure similar to terrestrial forests. Canopy at water’s surface.
![Page 22: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Coral Reefs - Types
![Page 23: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Shallow Marine Waters Reefs and kelp beds both grow in surface
waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis. Both limited by temperature.
Currents deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove waste products. Biological productivity may depend on flushing
action. Reefs and kelp beds among most productive
and diverse ecosystems.
![Page 24: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Marine Shores Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically:
Supratidal Fringe: Covered by high tide. Upper Intertidal: Covered only during highest
tides. Lower Intertidal: Uncovered during lowest
tides. Subtidal: Covered by water even during lowest
tides.
![Page 25: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Marine Shores Most important water movements
affecting distribution and abundance of intertidal organisms are waves and tides. Semidiurnal tides: Two periods of low and high
tides daily. Diurnal tides: Single low and high tide each
day.
![Page 26: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Marine Shores Inhabitants of intertidal zone are adapted
to amphibious existence. Differential tolerances to periodicity of air
exposure leads to zonation of species. Due to increased accessibility, intertidal
zones are experiencing increasing human exploitation.
![Page 27: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Intertidal Zonation
![Page 28: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Estuaries, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove Forests
Estuaries are found where rivers meet the sea. Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests are
concentrated along low-lying coasts. All driven by ocean tides and river flow.
Transport organisms, nutrients, oxygen, and remove wastes.
Extremely vulnerable to human intrusion.
![Page 29: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests
![Page 30: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Rivers and Streams Rivers and streams can be divided along three
dimensions: Length: Pools, runs, riffles, rapids Width : Wetted / active channels Vertical: Water surface, column
Riparian zone( 河岸區 ) is a transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environments.
![Page 31: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Major Rivers
![Page 32: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Rivers and Streams Rivers and streams are vertically divided into wate
r surface, water column, and bottom (benthic). Hyporheic Zone: Transition between surface water and
groundwater. Phreatic Zone: Groundwater
Stream Order First Order - Headwater Second Order - Joining of two first order. Third Order - Joining of two second order.
![Page 33: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Dimensions of Stream Structure
![Page 34: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Rivers and Streams - Physical Conditions Light
How much light shines on the surface. How far light penetrates the water column.
Water Movements Erosion from land. Suspended bottom sediments.
Temperature Closely tracks air temperature.
![Page 35: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Rivers and Streams Chemical Conditions
Salinity Reflects history of leaching in the basin.
Oxygen Inversely correlated with temperature.
Usually not limiting in river systems.
Human Influence Long, intense history of human use.
Transportation, Irrigation, Waste Disposal.
![Page 36: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Lakes Most of the world’s freshwater resides in a
few large lakes. Great Lakes of North America contain 20% of
freshwater in the world.
![Page 37: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Lakes - Structure Structure
Littoral zone: Shallows Limnetic zone: Open lake
Epilimnion: Warm surface layers. Metalimnion: Temperature changes with depth. Hypolimnion: Cold dark waters.
![Page 38: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Lake Structure
![Page 39: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Lakes - Physical Conditions Light
Lake color depends on light absorption and biological activity.
Temperature Lakes become thermally stratified as they warm.
Water Movement Wind-driven mixing of the water column is
ecologically important.
![Page 40: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Seasonal Temperature Changes
![Page 41: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Lakes - Chemical Conditions Oxygen
Oligotrophic: Low biological production, although often well oxygenated.
Eutrophic: High biological production, but may be depleted of oxygen.
![Page 42: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Lakes - Human Influences Human populations have had profound,
usually negative effect. Municipal and agricultural run-off. Exotic species - Zebra Mussels
![Page 43: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Review Hydrologic Cycle Deep Blue Sea Shallow Marine Waters Marine Shores Estuaries, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove
Forests Rivers and Streams Lakes
![Page 44: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
![Page 45: Chap. 3 Life in Water 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站: hycheng/hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b51faa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
On the net Estuaries
http://www.mhhe.com/links/pages/Marine_Biology/Estuaries/ Mangroves
http://www.mhhe.com/links/pages/Marine_Biology/Mangroves/
Water use and management http://www.mhhe.com/links/pages/Ecology_and_The_Enviro
nment/Water_Use_and_Management/ Freshwater habitats
http://www.mhhe.com/links/pages/Ecology_and_The_Environment/Freshwater_Habitats/