Changes in Succession1.As succession approaches a climax, which changes are likely to occur in an ecosystem?
GPP of ecosystem
NPP of ecosystem
Inorganic mineral storage
A increase increase increase
B decrease increase decrease
C increase decrease decrease
D increase decrease increase
Changes in Succession
2. Compared to pioneer communities, climax communities usually have…
A.A higher net productivityB.A higher gross productivityC.Inverted pyramids of biomassD.Shorter food chains
Demographic Stages
What is this difference called?
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
What is the natural increase rate (NIR) @ this point?
You Call ItJustify whether the following
organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
1)Blue Jay• Form monogamous pair bonds for
life• Both sexes build the nest & rear
the young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal
sources• Easy prey for hawks and owls • It is adaptable & aggressive & has
been colonizing new habitats for many decades.
You Call ItJustify whether the following
organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
1)Blue Jay = Both r & K strategist. 2) Form monogamous pair bonds for
life• Both sexes build the nest & rear
the young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal
sources• Easy prey for hawks and owls • It is adaptable & aggressive & has
been colonizing new habitats for many decades.
You Call It
2) Cichlid Fish• Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or
crevices. • 200–300 eggs laid & incubated.• Parental care of both eggs & free-swimming fry.• Can reach sexual maturity as young as 16 weeks
of age.• Endemic to C. America also occurs outside its
natural range in Australia, Japan, Mexico, & the U.S.
Justify whether the following organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
You Call It
2) Cichlid Fish = Both r & K strategist. • Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or
crevices. • 200–300 eggs laid & incubated.• Parental care of both eggs & free-swimming fry.• Can reach sexual maturity as young as 16 weeks
of age.• Endemic to C. America also occurs outside its
natural range in Australia, Japan, Mexico, & the U.S.
Justify whether the following organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
You Call It
3) California Condor• Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172
in the wild.• Have a huge range, travel up to 150 mi searching for
food.• Female lays one bluish-white egg every other Feb or
March.• Low birth rate & late age of sexual maturity .
Justify whether the following organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
You Call It
3) California Condor = K strategist. • Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172
in the wild.• Have a huge range, travel up to 150 mi searching for
food.• Female lays one bluish-white egg every other Feb or
March.• Low birth rate & late age of sexual maturity .
Justify whether the following organism would be an r strategist or K strategist.
• A survivorship curve shows the fate of a group of individuals of a species.
You Call It
1) Blue Jay = Type 2 (r and K)
• Form monogamous pair bonds for life• Both sexes build the nest & rear the
young • 4–5 eggs laid and incubated• Food is from plant and animal
sources• Easy prey for hawks and owls • It is adaptable & aggressive & has
been colonizing new habitats for many decades.
Justify whether the following organism would have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.
You Call It
2) Cichlid Fish = Type 2 (r and K)• Food is from plant and animal sources.• Form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or
crevices. • 200–300 eggs laid & incubated.• Parental care of both eggs & free-swimming fry.• Can reach sexual maturity as young as 16 weeks
of age.• Endemic to C. America also occurs outside its
natural range in Australia, Japan, Mexico, & the U.S.
Justify whether the following organism would have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.
You Call It
3) California Condor = Type 1 (K only)• Largest North American land bird. • Condor is a scavenger & eats large amounts of carrion. • One of the longest-living birds, lifespan up to 50 years. • As of April 2009, there are 322 condors , including 172
in the wild.• Have a huge range, travel up to 150 mi searching for
food.• Female lays one bluish-white egg every other Feb or
March.• Low birth rate & late age of sexual maturity .
Justify whether the following organism would be have Type 1,2, or 3 survivorship.
Herring Gull shows which types of survivorship? Justify your answer.
Type ?
Type ?
Herring Gull shows type III as chicks & Type II as adults
Type III
Type II
Which type of feedback mechanism is shown here?
Which type of feedback mechanism is shown here? Positive
What assumption is made about the bacteria here?
What assumption is made about the bacteria here?
No death (reached biotic potential)
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The diagram shows energy transfer in a cow.
1. Use the symbols above to create the formula for calculating SP for the cow.
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The diagram shows energy transfer in a cow.
• SP = C – (R + U + F)
• SP = C (Inputs) – (R + U + F) (Outputs)
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The diagram shows energy transfer in a cow.
2. C = 4000 kJ day–1 and SP = 200 kJ day–1, the efficiency of conversion is…
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The diagram shows energy transfer in a cow.
2. C = 4000 kJ day–1 and SP = 200 kJ day–1, the efficiency of conversion is… 5%
Organism Gross Production
Respiration Net
Productivity
Plants 31215 17965.5
Herbivores 5052 2835
Carnivores 574.5 474
Top Predators 31.5 22.5
1.1.Complete the NP column Complete the NP column using your notes…using your notes…2.What are the units used here?2.What are the units used here?
Organism Gross Production
Respiration Net
Productivity
Plants 31215 17965.5 13249.5
Herbivores 5052 2835 2217
Carnivores 574.5 474 100.5
Top Predators 31.5 22.5 9
1.1.Complete the NP column.Complete the NP column.2.2.What are the units used here?What are the units used here?3.3.What is the overall trend?What is the overall trend?
Gross & Net Productivity practice
• An animal population is given 50 kg of feed per day, of which 40 kg is consumed. 20 kg of feed per day is used in respiration and 15 kg of faeces per day is released. Which of the following are the correct values for gross and net productivity?
GP kg day–1) NP (kg day–1)
• A. 40 25• B. 25 5• C. 50 35• D. 40 5
Gross & Net Productivity practice
• An animal population is given 50 kg of feed per day, of which 40 kg is consumed. 20 kg of feed per day is used in respiration and 15 kg of faeces per day is released. Which of the following are the correct values for gross and net productivity?
GP kg day–1) NP (kg day–1)
• A. 40 25• B. 25 5• C. 50 35• D. 40 5
Organism Area A Area B
Eucalyptus 42 25
Casurina 8 25
Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for stations 1 & 2
The Simpson’s Diversity Index for Area A
N (N-1)= 50(50-1)
∑ n(n-1) = 42(42-1) + 8(8-1)
D = 1.38
D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species
Organism Area A
Eucalyptus 42
Casurina 8
Organism Area B
Eucalyptus 25
Casurina 25
The Simpson’s Diversity Index for Area B
N (N-1)= 50(50-1)
∑ n(n-1) = 25(25-1) + 25(25-1)
D = 2.04
D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species
The Simpson’s Diversity Index
D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species
Organism Area A Area B
Eucalyptus 42 25
Casurina 8 25
Diversity Index 1.38 2.04
Suggest a reason for the difference between the values for these two areas.
Organism Station 1 Station 2
Saltmarsh cordgrass
8 25
Saltmeadow cordgrass
42 25
Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for stations 1 & 2
Organism Station 1
Saltmarsh cordgrass 8
Saltmeadow cordgrass
42
The Simpson’s Diversity Index for station 1
N (N-1)= 50(50-1)
∑ n(n-1) = 42(42-1) + 8(8-1)
D = 1.38
D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species
Organism Station 2
Saltmarsh cordgrass 25
Saltmeadow cordgrass
25
The Simpson’s Diversity Index for station 2
N (N-1)= 50(50-1)
∑ n(n-1) = 25(25-1) + 25(25-1)
D = 2.04
D= Diversity indexN = total # of organisms of all species foundn = # of individuals of a particular species
You call it. The remora hides from predators by swimming close to
the shark.1.Which type of symbiosis?
commensalism
You call it. The Jay bird eats scraps from the alligators
mouth.2.Which type of symbiosis?
= mutualism
You Call it! You Call it! The Sea Lamprey attaches & The Sea Lamprey attaches &
drinks blood from the fish.drinks blood from the fish.3.Which type of symbiosis?3.Which type of symbiosis?
= parasitism
Sea anemone living on the shell of a hermit crab.
4.Which type of symbiosis?
You call it.You call it.
You call it! The Ox bird eats biting insects off of a Rhinoceros.5.Which type of symbiosis?
You call it! Mycorrhizae fungus living in the roots of the trees breaking down soil nutrients. 6.Which type of symbiosis?
You Call it! You Call it! The Guinea worm living in a human The Guinea worm living in a human host. host. 7. 7. Which type of symbiosis?Which type of symbiosis?
You Call it! You Call it! The Varroa mite attached to The Varroa mite attached to a Honeybeea Honeybee8. 8. Which type of symbiosis?Which type of symbiosis?
A. B. C. D.• Identify these 4 salt marsh organisms
Classification using a dichotomous key
1. Has roots, stems, or leaves….. go to 32. Has no roots, stems, or leaves…………. go to 43a. Has scaled needle-like leaves……….. E. Red Cedar3b. Has rounded lobe-like leaves………. N. Bayberry4a. Has floats at the tips…………………… Rock Weed4b. Is a thin folded sheet………………… Sea Lettuce
A. B. C. D.
1. Has roots, stems, or leaves….. go to 32. Has no roots, stems, or leaves…………. go to 43a. Has scaled needle-like leaves……….. E. Red Cedar (Plant D)3b. Has rounded lobe-like leaves………. N. Bayberry (Plant C)4a. Has floats at the tips…………………… Rock Weed (Plant A)4b. Is a thin folded sheet………………… Sea Lettuce (Plant B)
A. B. C. D.
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1.What type of system is shown by the 1.What type of system is shown by the cow?cow?
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1.What type of system is shown by the 1.What type of system is shown by the cow? cow? OpenOpen
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2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)?
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
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2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)? 500 Cal of the Original 5,000 Cal?500 Cal of the Original 5,000 Cal?
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
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2.What % of the energy consumed is 2.What % of the energy consumed is the cow getting (energy assimilated)? the cow getting (energy assimilated)? 500Cal/5,000 Cal * 100 = 10%500Cal/5,000 Cal * 100 = 10%
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
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3.What % of the energy consumed is 3.What % of the energy consumed is the cow losing (2the cow losing (2ndnd Thermo. law)? Thermo. law)?
4,500/5,000 = 4,500/5,000 = ??
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
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3.What % of the energy consumed is 3.What % of the energy consumed is the cow losing (2the cow losing (2ndnd Thermo. law)? Thermo. law)?
4,500/5,000 * 100 = 4,500/5,000 * 100 = 90%?90%?
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
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4.Is this system balanced? How can 4.Is this system balanced? How can you tell? Compare inputs/outputs.you tell? Compare inputs/outputs.
5,000 Cal500 Cal
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1,500 Cal
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5.Where can all the energy be traced 5.Where can all the energy be traced back to? (The source)back to? (The source)
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1,500 Cal
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5.Where can all the energy be traced 5.Where can all the energy be traced back to? (The source) back to? (The source) The sunThe sun
5,000 Cal500 Cal
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1,500 Cal
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6.What % of all energy lost comes 6.What % of all energy lost comes from urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lostfrom urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lost
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1,500 Cal
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6.What % of all energy lost comes 6.What % of all energy lost comes from urine? from urine? 1,500 Cal/4,500 lost1,500 Cal/4,500 lost
1500/4500 * 100 = 33%1500/4500 * 100 = 33%
5,000 Cal500 Cal
1,500 Cal 1,500 Cal
1,500 Cal
Which are producers?
Which are secondary consumers?
Which are tertiary consumers?
If P decreases what will happen to F?
Label a primary, secondary, tertiary consumer. Draw in a quaternary consumer.