Download - Ch. 4 growing western europe power
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Chapter 4Chapter 4 The Growing Power of The Growing Power of Western Europe Western Europe 1640-17151640-1715
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Political themes of chapters 4 and 5
AbsolutismandConstitutionalismHow and why?
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Seventeenth CenturyReligious Conflict and War
Population DeclineEconomic Problems
For stability some monarchs consolidated and
increased power
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Absolute MonarchAbsolute MonarchRuler who’s Ruler who’s power is not power is not
limitedlimitedFrance, Spain, Austria, France, Spain, Austria,
Prussia, and RussiaPrussia, and Russia
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Absolutism is a misleading term
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There was always some opposition, but how well was opposition subdued?
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Kings competed for power with..
•Nobles•Church•Guilds•Town Councils•Autonomous Groups
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Professional Armies funded by nobles in exchange for titles
Taxes,Bureaucracy, and
ObedienceSovereign State involved
in every citizen’s life
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What is
Constitutionalism?Legal limits on government
Balance of authority of government and rights and
liberties of subjects
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Dutch Dutch RepublicRepublic
(United Provinces)
Independence with 1648 Peace of
Westphalia
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Constitutional Government
dominated by wealthy merchants
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States General (assembly) and Stadholder (head of state) shared power
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“Golden Age of the Netherlands”1600s: Center of trade and finance,
religious tolerance, science, arts
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Dutch East and West India Companies
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-Bank of Amsterdam (reliable currency)-1st stock exchange
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10,000+ ships traded
around the world
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Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1781(not continual)
Series of battles for trade routesIncluded an attempted invasion of the Dutch
Republic by Louis XIV
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1674 New Amsterdam seized by EnglandNew York City
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post 1713 global sea trade trade dominance dominance shifted to EnglandEngland
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Stadholder William of
Orange(1672-1702)Centralized power and
battled England and France
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Became King William III of England when he married his cousin Mary II
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English/Dutch alliance kept
France in check
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England-Stayed out of Thirty Years’ War-Little internal religious conflict-Cath vs. Prot in Ireland
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Elizabeth had a cooperative relationship
with Parliament
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1603 Elizabeth died with no heir
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House of
StuartRelatives of
Tudors from
Scotland
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King
James I(1566-1625)--------------------------
Pro-Absolutism and “Divine
Right”
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Opposition from
Parliament and Puritans
“No bishop, no king”
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Conflict with House of Commons over money and taxes
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Tolerated Catholics who swore loyalty
Created an
English Bible
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Guy FawkesAnti-Protestant
Anti-JamesAnti-Parliament
Nov. 5, 1605 Gunpowder
Plot
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King
Charles I (1600-1649)
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“Ship-Money” dispute
Dismissed Parliament 1629-1640
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1637 Scottish 1637 Scottish Presbyterian Presbyterian anti-Anglican anti-Anglican
RebellionRebellionCharles Charles
summoned summoned Parliament for Parliament for
$$
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“Long Parliament” 1640-1660Limited royal power (abolished Star Chamber)
Triennial Act required Parliament to meet every three years
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1642 Charles attempted to arrest 5 leading members of the Parliament
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1642-1649 English Civil War
Cavaliers (Royalists)
vs.Roundheads
(Parliament)
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PuritanOliver
Cromwell(1599-1658)
Commanded Parliament’s New Model
Army
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Inventory of a New Model Army Musketeer, English Civil War 1645 by Thom Atkinson
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King Charles I Defeated at the 1645 Battle of Naseby
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The Sentence Against Charles I…this court is in judgment and conscience satisfied that he (the said Charles Stuart) is guilty of levying war against the said Parliament and people, … and therein guilty of High Treason and of the murders, rapines, burnings, spoils, desolations, damage, and mischief to this nation acted and committed in the said war…For all which treasons and crimes, this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body.
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1649 Charles I Executed by order of the Rump Parliament
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At first England became a religiously tolerant
Commonwealth, but…
Cromwell’s Protectorate
(1653-1658) becamea military dictatorship
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Dictatorship-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Censorship
Martial Law
Closed Rump Parliament
Violence in Scotland and Ireland
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He didn’t care about
the…“Magna Farta”
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1651 Navigation Act and war challenged Dutch superiority
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1655 Took Jamaica from Spain
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Battled with rising religious extremism(Quakers, Levellers, Diggers, Fifth Monarchy Men)
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Cromwell ruled as “Lord
Protector” until his death
in 1658
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Charles I’s SonKing
Charles II(1630-1685)
1660 Restoration of Monarchy
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Made Peace with ParliamentAristocrats received power in
exchange for taxes
1st pineapple grown in England
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Charles II ordered
Cromwell’s body dug up and his head placed on
a spike in Westminster hall
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Charles II and James II converted to Catholicism (Louis XIV alliance)
Parliament passed the 1673 Test Act
Ignored the Test
Act
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William IIIPrince of Orange
1688 Glorious RevolutionProtestants “invited” the invasion
Mary IIJames II’s
Protestant DaughterKing James II ran to
France
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William III received
assistance from many
anti-Louis XIV sources
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William III Mary II
Constitutional Monarchy with English Bill of Rights
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Limited royal powerKing can’t suspend Parliamentary lawMonarch must be ProtestantForm of religious tolerance (not for Pretenders)
Only Protestants can own arms
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1689 English Bill of Rights• 1. …suspending laws, or the execution of laws,
by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal…
• 5. …it is the right of the subjects to petition the king and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal…
• 8. The election of members of parliament ought to be free
• 9. …freedom of speech…ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court of place out of parliament
• 10. That excessive bail ought not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted
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Ireland remained
pro-Catholic Repressive laws passed by England
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Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
England
Leviathan 1651
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John Locke
(1632-1704)England1690 Two
Treatises of Civil
Government
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Hobbes Social Contracts Locke
• People are evil and selfish
• Kings keep order in society
• Give up rights in exchange for order
• Rebellion against monarchy is wrong
• People good and reasonable
• Government protects natural rights
• People can rebel against a bad government
Absolutist
Anti-Absolutist
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““The The condition of condition of man... is a man... is a
condition of condition of war of war of
everyone everyone against against
everyone”everyone”
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d
““The state of nature has a law
of nature to govern it, … that
being all equal and independent, no
one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” ”
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France under Louis XIV-Large population
-Global trade and colonies
-Wealthy and self-sufficient
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Cardinal Richelieu(1585-1642)Chief Minister King Louis XIII
1. Increase royal power over nobles2. Weaken the Habsburgs
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Noblesse de robe“Robe Nobility”
Judicial or Admin (new)
Noblesse d’épée “Sword Nobility”Hereditary (old)
Types of French Nobility
Powerful Noble Louis II de Bourbon “The Grand Condé”
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Parlements - Judicial, not LegislativeHigh courts independent of the King
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Louis XIV 1643 became
king after deaths of
Louis XIII and Richelieu
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CardinalMazarin(1602-1661)Continued Richelieu's Policies for
young Louis XIV
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The FrondeFronde 1648-1653Nobility rebelled against Mazarin
and growing royal powerNo bourgeoisie/aristocrat/masses No bourgeoisie/aristocrat/masses
alliance = failurealliance = failure
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Painting to commemorate the
defeat of the Fronde
“Jupiter, applauding Louis,
ceases his thundering and now the world
sees that a new Jupiter has
arrived”
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1661 Real power for Louis XIV
How to control How to control the nobles the nobles differently?differently?
Which type did Which type did he favor?he favor?
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Louis XIVLouis XIV(1638-1715)
“The Sun King”“The Sun King”
Absolutist r. 1643-1715r. 1643-1715
Claimed Divine Right of Kings
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Divine RightDivine Rightof Kingsof Kings
Royal power and authority comes from God and should
not be challenged by men
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Jacques-Jacques-Bénigne Bénigne BossuetBossuet
(1627-1704)(1627-1704)Pro-Divine Right of Kings Bishop
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“…the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege… Kings
should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects
to protect them is worthy of death…”
Politics Drawn From the Very Words of Holy Scripture
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“Should God withdraw his
hand, the earth would fall to
pieces; should the kings
authority cease in the realm, all would be in confusion.”
Politics Drawn From the Very Words of Holy Scripture
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Centralized all government at
his palace VersaillesIntendants
enforced his will
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Skilled and highly
involvedNever
assembled the
Estates General
“L’état, c’est moi”
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Does the following document show absolutism or lack of?
“They [Parlement in Dijon] are so totally carried away with their sovereignty that they believe they alone can initiate action and that the orders coming from the royal council are usurpatius, although I have done what I could to disabuse them of this idea; and thanks to your aid and protection I’ve established many good procedures and fully reestablished the authority of the king against all those who do not acknowledge it. But I have not yet been able to suppress their desire for their former grandeur.”
-Intendant Claude Bouchu, 1669 letter
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Palace of Versailles
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King’s Chambers
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Queen’s Chambers
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The Court of Versailles
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A jour d'appartement
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Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday is jour d'appartement. All the gentlemen of the Court assemble in the King's antechamber, and the women meet in the Queen's rooms at 6 o'clock. …Then comes the King's throne-room, with every kind of music, both played and sung… Next comes a large room--it could be called a hall--with more than twenty tables covered in green velvet with golden fringes, where all sorts of games can be played. Then there is the great antechamber where the King's billiard table stands, and then a room with four long tables with refreshments, all kinds of things--fruit-tarts, sweetmeats, it looks just like the Christmas spread at home. Four more tables, just as long, are set out in the adjoining room, laden with decanters and glasses and every kind of wine and liqueur.… It is unbelievable how many games there are,… Those who don't play, like myself and many others, wander from room to room, now to the music, now to the gamblers--you are allowed to go wherever you like. This goes on from six to ten, … If I could describe the splendor with which all these rooms are furnished, and the amount of silver there is everywhere, I should go on for ever. It really is worth seeing.
-Elisabeth Charlotte Duchess of Orléans, 1682
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Wanted nobles around
and obedient When Possible
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“He [Louis XIV] always took great pains to find out what was going on in public places, in society, in private houses, even family secrets, and maintained and immense number of spies and tale-bearers. These were of all sorts; some did not know that their reports were carried to him; others did know it; there were others, again, who used to write to him directly, through channels which he prescribed; others who were admitted by the backstairs and saw him in his private room. Many a man in all ranks of life was ruined by these methods, often very unjustly, without ever being able to discover the reason; and when the King had once taken a prejudice against a man, he hardly ever got over it… .”
-Duc de Saint-Simon 1788 Memoirs
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“If anyone habitually living in the Court absented himself he insisted on knowing the reason; those who came there only for flying visits had also to give a satisfactory explanation; any one who seldom or never appeared there was certain to incur his displeasure.”
-Duc de Saint-Simon 1788 Memoirs
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“Every time I appoint someone
to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy
and one ungrateful”
Patronage
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This painting was displayed at Versailles
Why?
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How does El Escorial compare to Versailles?
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From a letter of advice to his son
“I have so often experienced myself: the
crowd of people who will press around you,
each with his own design; the difficulty that you will have in
obtaining sincere advice from them…”
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“As for this art of knowing men,
which will be so important to you ... I shall tell you, my son, that it can be learned but that it
cannot be taught.”
From a letter of advice to his son
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Other Other actions actions of Louis of Louis
XIVXIV
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17th Cent French ClassicismEra of Louis XIV
Combo of Baroque and Classics
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Louis and his family portrayed as Roman gods (1670 Jean Nocret)
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Established Royal academies for literature, science, music, art, dance, etc.
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French language,
fashion, and culture the standard across Europe
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1685 Cancelled Edict of Nantes
Protestantism Illegal
Destroyed Non-Catholic
Churches and Schools
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“And now we perceive, with thankful acknowledgment of God's aid, …the better and greater part of our subjects...have embraced the Catholic faith. And since by this fact...the Edict of Nantes...has been rendered useless, we have determined that we can do nothing better, in order wholly to obliterate the memory of the troubles, the confusion, and the evils which the progress of this false religion has caused in the kingdom, …, than entirely to revoke the said Edict of Nantes.”
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“One king, one law, one
faith”
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Many Protestants fled, resisted, or converted in name only
L. XIV failed to convert all to Cath.
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Established direct taxation
(incl. nobles to an extent) and sold titles and
offices(demoralized the people)
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Controller General of Finances
Mercantilism and
Self-Sufficiency
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MercantilismMercantilism• Government regulation and
promotion of industry– Poor Laws, Navigation Acts, National Markets, etc.
• Protectionism• Wealth based on securing limited
resources (gold)• Sell more than you purchase
(Balance of Trade)
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Supported new industriesPromoted exportsReduced internal tariffsMerchant Marine and East India CompanyColonized Quebec, Caribbean, and LouisianaReduced corruption and waste
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“The art of taxation consists of plucking the goose so as to obtain the most feathers with the least hissing.”
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Professionalized Military
(what does that mean?)
War as a “state activity”(33 years!)
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4 Major wars and many small conflictsEnemies with the Dutch, English, Swedes, HRE, Spanish
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All other European powers (except Russia) worked to reign in Louis XIV
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“It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of Franche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself.”
-Voltaire on Louis XIV
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By 1694 French people wanted peace
Economic downturn,
bad harvests, and war
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Parody of Louis XIV set to the Lords Prayer, 1709Our Father at Versailles,Unhallowed is thy name,
Thy kingdom is no longer great,Thy will is no longer done,
Give us our bread which we lack,Forgive our enemies which have beaten us,But not your generals who let them do so,Do not succumb to the temptations of La
Maintenon (L XIV’s 2nd wife),And deliver us from Chamillart (minister of war)
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War of Spanish Succession1701-1713
Charles II King of Spain died with no heir
(last Habsburg)
Power willed to Philip of AnjouLouis XIV’s Bourbon
Grandson
Maria Theresa Louis XIV’s 1st wife and Charles II’s sister
(died 1683)
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“The Pyrenees
have ceased to
exist”
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Louis XIV supported Philip
England, Austria, Netherlands, and Prussia opposed
France and formed the Grand Alliance
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Inventory of an English Soldier, War of Spanish Succession 1709 by Thom Atkinson
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Power “Balanced”
Peace of Utrecht 1713• Bourbons gained Spanish throne
• France lost $ and Canadian colonies to England
• Aust Habs gained Italian land• Dutch security• Spanish Americas opened• Prussian recognition
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Louis XIV died in 1715
72 year reign!
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How absolutist was he really?
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Reactions to the Death of Louis XIV Duc de Saint-SimonEveryone in general felt delivered from the inconvenience of a court requiring continuous novelty. Paris, weary of its subjugation, found relief in the hope of liberation and in the joy of witnessing the demise of those who had abused their authority. The provinces,… now breathed easy…. Parlements and judges, crushed by edicts and rulings, now had hope of new license and authority. The people, ruined, abused, despairing, now thanked God for a deliverance which answered their most ardent desires. Foreign nations, although delighted to be rid of a monarch who for so many years had imposed his law, and who had always miraculously escaped their efforts to bring him to task, behaved more proper than the French. The marvels of the first three quarters of his seventy-year reign, … had understandably dazzled them. …Not a single foreign court exulted; all took pains to praise and honor his memory.