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Ch 12
Mitosis and The Cell Cycle
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The Cell Cycle
1. What is it and why does it exist?
-The timing and rate of cell division is crucial to normal growth and maintenance.
-The cell cycle regulates these timings.
-It is especially in study now due to the mystery of how cancer cells escape
these checkpoints.
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Its Control…• The cell cycle is controlled by an operating
set of molecules in the cell that will trigger and coordinate key events.
• KINASES- These are enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them.
• Some kinases drive the cell cycle. They’re always around in fairly constant concentration but the problem is…they can only be activated when they are attached to CYCLIN.
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• CYCLIN- Regulatory protein. Named cyclin because their concentration (produced at constant rate) change cyclically during cell cycle. Cyclin is like the cell clock.
• -CYCLIN-DEPENDENT kinase or Cdks depend on cyclin to be active. Its concentration stays the same but activity in response to cyclin changes.
• So the Cdk activity will be rising and falling with changes in concentration of cyclin.
• MPF (maturation promoting factor) is one of the first cyclin-Cdk complexes discovered.
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To Summarize…
Kinase= enzymes that catalyze transfer of phosphate group from ATP to a target protein
• Kinases involved in Cell Cycle= Cdks
• Cdks + Cyclin= active!= MPF
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• MPF will trigger the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase.
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• MPF is a good sport…not only does it activate mitosis, but it also will switch itself off all by itself too!
• It does this by initiating a process that will lead to destruction of its cyclin. (We learn about this destruction in Ch. 19 with proteosomes!)
• Destruction is important! This actually will keep driving the cycle past the M phase checkpoint which controls the onset of anaphase
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• So what about the G1 checkpoint? The cell must be big enough with the right amount of DNA.
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• Some extra words about kinetochores…the role of APC (anaphase promoting complex) in the M phase checkpoint.
• Kinetochore: Specialized region on centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle
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Cancer Cells
• Cancer Cells have escaped from all control…
• 1. They do not follow density-dependent inhibition
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2. They do not have anchorage dependence.
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• 3. Some do not seem to require a growth factor.
• 4. They escape checkpoints. (Should a cancer cell stop dividing, it is not at a checkpoint)
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Some More Twisted Ways Of Cancer…
• They have an unusual number of chromosomes
• They have an irregular metabolism
• They can secrete their own growth hormones which allow them to grow AND they can stimulate blood vessel growth to “feed them”
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Immune Cells Normally Destroy These Abnormal Cells Unless…
- They evade destruction, and then proliferate to form a tumor (unregulated growing mass of cells)
- If they remain at this original site, the mass is BENIGN and can be removed
- But…because cancer cells don’t have much anchorage, they may spread to other parts of the body where they become MALIGNANT
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Detail on the “M” Phase= Mitosis!
• You are responsible to be able to SKETCH, DESCRIBE, and SEQUENCE the following:
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
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REMINDER Mitosis Flipbook Assignment (Due: Oct 26) Instructions are ONLINE!!
• Minimum of 20 note cards of an animal cell division.
• Minimum of 4 note cards for each of the 5 cell cycle stages (animal).
• You must place a hole in the side of each card. You will need to bind these together with either string, twisty tie, or a metal ring. You CANNOT turn these in simply with a rubber band around it.
• Must be in color. Keep color consistent. (Example: Keep chromosomes same color. Keep centrioles same color. Etc…)
• Need help? Highly RECOMMEND: http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
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